ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Reflective Practice: How the World Bank Explored Its Own Biases?
While many international organisations have independent evaluations, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Health organization (WHO), uniquely the World Bank in its 2015 World Development Report sought to ascertain the potential biases that influence how its staff interpret evidence and influence policy. Here, we describe the World Bank’s study design, including experiments to ascertain the impact on Bank staff’s judgements of complexity, confirmation bias, sunk cost bias, and an understanding of the wishes of those whom they seek to help. We then review the Bank’s proposed mechanisms to minimise the impact of the biases they identified. We argue that this approach, that we refer to as ‘reflective practice,’ deserves to be adopted more widely among institutions that seek to use evidence from research to inform policy and practice.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3138_6ac4734aec27777d057a75238bcc4605.pdf
2016-02-01
79
82
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.216
Reflective Practice
Cognitive Bias
Complexity
Evidence
Martin
McKee
martin.mckee@lshtm.ac.uk
1
Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
David
Stuckler
david.stuckler@unibocconi.it
2
Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
AUTHOR
Panel of independent experts. Report of the Ebola Interim Assessment Panel - July 2015. Geneva: WHO; 2015.
1
Bank W. World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behavior. Washington DC: World Bank; 2014.
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McKee M, Stuckler D. How cognitive biases affect our interpretation of political messages. Bmj. 2010;340:c2276. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2276
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Sabatier PA. An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein. Policy Sciences. 1988;21(2-3):129-168. Doi:10.1007/bf00136406
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Gollust SE, Lantz PM, Ubel PA. The polarizing effect of news media messages about the social determinants of health. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(12):2160-2167. doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.161414
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Risso-Gill I, Balabanova D, Majid F, et al. Understanding the modifiable health systems barriers to hypertension management in Malaysia: a multi-method health systems appraisal approach. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:254. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-0916-y
24
Kuhlbrandt C, Balabanova D, Chikovani I, et al. In search of patient-centred care in middle income countries: the experience of diabetes care in the former Soviet Union. Health Policy. 2014;118(2):193-200. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.08.009
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Access to Care for Multiple Sclerosis in Times of Economic Crisis in Greece – the HOPE II Study
Background While there is currently no cure for multiple sclerosis (MS), treatment with biologic diseasemodifying drugs (bDMDs) can reduce the impact of the condition on the lives of patients. In Greece, the regulatory change in the distribution system of bDMDs, limited their administration through the designated pharmacies of the National Organization for Healthcare Services Provision (EOPYY) or the National Health System (ESY) hospitals, thus potentially impacting access to MS treatment. In this context, the aim of this paper was to assess the barriers to bDMDs, by recording MS patients’ experiences. Methods A survey research was conducted between January and February 2014 in Athens and 5 other major Greek cities with the methods of personal and telephone interview. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit socio-economic and medical information, information related to obstacles in accessing bDMDs and medical treatment, from MS patients that visited EOPYY pharmacies during the study period. Results During the last year 69% of 179 participants reported that the distribution system of bDMDs has improved. Thirteen percent of participants encountered problems in accessing their medication, and 16.9% of participants in accessing their physician, with the obstacles being more pronounced for non-Athens residents. Frequent obstacles to bDMDs were the distance from EOPYY pharmacies and difficulties in obtaining a diagnosis from an EOPYY/ESY physician, while obstacles to medical care were delays in appointment booking and travel difficulties. Conclusion Even though the major weaknesses of the distribution system of bDMDs have improved, further amelioration of the system could be achieved through the home delivery of medicines to patients living in remote areas, and through the development of a national MS registry.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3100_4e429ed61f7b5cd9ba6aee079bb957e0.pdf
2016-02-01
83
89
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.173
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Patient Access
Biologics
Pharmaceutical Policy
Recession
Greece
Kyriakos
Souliotis
info@ksouliotis.gr
1
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Corinth, Greece
LEAD_AUTHOR
Elena
Alexopoulou
elena_alexopoulou@yahoo.gr
2
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Corinth, Greece
AUTHOR
Manto
Papageorgiou
manto.papageorgiou@gmail.com
3
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Corinth, Greece
AUTHOR
Anastasia
Politi
anapoliti@hotmail.com
4
Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
AUTHOR
Panagiota
Litsa
giotalitsa@eopyy.gov.gr
5
Centre for Health Services Research, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
AUTHOR
Xenophon
Contiades
xcontiad@uop.gr
6
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Corinth, Greece
AUTHOR
Maxwell RJ. Quality assessment in health. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;288(6428):1470-1472. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6428.1470
1
Põlluste K, Kalda R, Lember M. Satisfaction with the access to the health services of the people with chronic conditions in Estonia. Health Policy. 2007;82(1):51-61. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.08.004
2
Põlluste K, Kallikorm R, Meiesaar K, Lember M. Satisfaction with access to health services: the perspective of Estonian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sci World J. 2012;2012:257569. doi:10.1100/2012/257569
3
Multiple Sclerosis International Federation. Atlas of multiple sclerosis 2013. http://www.msif.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2013/m/msif-atlas-of-ms-2013-report.pdf?f=1
4
Goldenberg MM. Multiple sclerosis review. P T. 2012;37(3):175-184.
5
Damal K, Stoker E, Foley JF. Optimizing therapeutics in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis: a review of drug efficacy, dosing, and mechanisms of action. Biologics. 2013;7:247-258. doi:10.2147/BTT.S53007
6
Kobelt G, Kasteng F. Access to innovative treatments in multiple sclerosis in Europe. Report prepared for the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). http://www.comparatorreports.se/Access%20to%20MS%20treatments%20-%20October%202009.pdf. Published October 2009.
7
Wilsdon T, Barron A, Mitchell- Heggs A, Ginoza S. Access to medicines for multiple sclerosis: challenges and opportunities. Report prepared for Biogen Idec. London; February 2014.
8
European Multiple Sclerosis Platform. MS Barometer 2013. http://www.emsp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/130530-MS-Barometer-2013.pdf
9
National Organization for Medicines (EOF) website. http://www.eof.gr/web/guest/protocols
10
Souliotis K, Papageorgiou M, Politi A, Ioakeimidis D, Sidiropoulos P. Barriers to accessing biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in Greece: the unseen impact of the fiscal crisis--the Health Outcomes Patient Environment (HOPE) study. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(1):25-33. doi:10.1007/s00296-013-2866-1
11
Laires PA, Exposto F, Mesquita R, Martins AP, Cunha-Miranda L, Fonseca JE. Patients’ access to biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison between Portugal and other European countries. Eur J Health Econ. 2013;14(6):875-885. doi:10.1007/s10198-012-0432-5
12
Putrik P, Ramiro S, Kvien TK, et al. Inequities in access to biologic and synthetic DMARDs across 46 European countries. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):198-206. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202603
13
Orlewska E, Ancuta I, Anic B, et al. Access to biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Med Sci Monit. 2011;17(4):SR1-SR13. doi:10.12659/MSM.881697
14
Putrik P, Ramiro S, Kvien TK, Sokka T, Uhlig T, Boonen A. Variations in criteria regulating treatment with reimbursed biologic DMARDs across European countries. Are differences related to country’s wealth? Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(11):2010-2021. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203819
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Pilot Study of a 6-Week Parenting Program for Mothers of Pre-school Children Attending Family Health Centers in Karachi, Pakistan
Background Recently, parenting programs to address behavioural and emotional problems associated with child maltreatment in developing countries have received much attention. There is a paucity of literature on effective parent education interventions in the local context of Pakistan. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of offering a 6-week parenting program for mothers of pre-school children attending family health centres (FHCs) in Karachi, the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan. Methods A pilot quasi-experimental trial was conducted. Two FHCs were selected, one as the intervention and the second as the control. A total of 57 mothers of pre-school children (n = 30 intervention; n = 27 control) participated in this study. Mothers in the intervention group received SOS Help for parents module, while mothers in the control group received information about routine childcare. A parenting scale (PS) was administered before the program was implemented and repeated 2 weeks after the program was completed in both groups. Statistical analysis was performed to compare participants’ attributes. Descriptive analysis was conducted to compare pre- and post-test mean scores along with standard deviation for parenting subscales in the intervention and control groups. Results A total of 50 mothers (n = 25 intervention; n = 25 control) completed the 6-week program. Attrition was observed as 5/30 (17%) in the intervention arm and 2/27 (2%) in the control arm. Mothers commonly reported the burden of daily domestic and social responsibilities as the main reason for dropping out. Furthermore, the majority of participants in the control group recommended increasing the duration of weekly sessions from 1 to 1.5 hours, thereby decreasing the program period from 6 to 4 weeks. Mothers in intervention group reported substantial improvement in parenting skills as indicated by mean difference in their pre- and post-test scores for laxness and over-reactivity. Conclusion Parenting programs can be implemented for mothers attending FHCs in Pakistan. Mothers require positive reinforcement and constant encouragement at the participant level. Integrating such programs into primary healthcare at the population level has the potential to maximize child health benefits and to improve parenting skills at the country level.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3114_97320c7cf3c3abd8cef6c6a368057d6e.pdf
2016-02-01
91
97
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.181
Parenting Program
Child Maltreatment
Child Abuse
Education for Mothers
Yasmin
Khowaja
ysak6@hotmail.com
1
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rozina
Karmaliani
rozina.karmaliani@aku.edu
2
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Shela
Hirani
shela.hirani@aku.edu
3
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Asif
Khowaja
raza.asif@aku.edu
4
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Ghazala
Rafique
ghazala.rafique@aku.edu
5
Community Health Sciences Department, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Judith
McFarlane
jmcfarlanetwu@yahoo.com
6
Health promotion and disease prevention, Texas Woman’s University, Houston, TX, USA
AUTHOR
Westby CO. Child maltreatment: a global issue. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2007;38(2):140-148. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2007/014)
1
Holt S, Helen B, Sadhbh W. The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: a review of the literature. Child Abuse Negl. 2008;32(8):797-810. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004
2
Gilbert R, Cathy SW, Kevin B, David F, Elspeth W, Staffan J. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):68-81. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7
3
Mejia A, Rachel C, Matthew RS. A review of parenting programs in developing countries: opportunities and challenges for preventing emotional and behavioral difficulties in children. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2012;15(2):163-175. doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0116-9
4
Akmatov MK. Child abuse in 28 developing and transitional countries—results from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(1):219-227. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq168
5
Pazdera AL, McWey LM, Mullis A, Carbonell J. Child sexual abuse and the superfluous association with negative parenting outcomes: the role of symptoms as predictors. J Marital Fam Ther. 2013;39(1):98-111. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00272.x
6
Rodriguez CM. Analog of parental empathy: association with physical child abuse risk and punishment intentions. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(8):493-499. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.10.004
7
Ahmed K, Laurie W, Stephen S. In their own words: abused children's perceptions of care provided by their birth parents and foster carers. Adoption & Fostering. 2015;39(1):21-37. doi:10.1177/0308575914565068
8
Sousa C, Herrenkohl TI, Moylan CA, et al. Longitudinal study on the effects of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence, parent-child attachments, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. J Interpers Violence. 2011;26(1):111-136. doi:10.1177/0886260510362883
9
Knerr W, Frances G, Lucie C. Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Prev Sci. 2013;14(4):352-363. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0314-1
10
Bornstein MH. Positive parenting and positive development in children. In: Lerner RM, Jacobs F, Wertlieb D, eds. Handbook of Applied Developmental Science: Promoting Positive Child, Adolescent, and Family Development Through Research, Policies, and Programs. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2003:187-209.
11
Olds DL, Sadler L, Kitzman H. Programs for parents of infant and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48:355-391. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01702.x
12
Lundahl BW, Nimer J, Parsons B. Preventing child abuse: a meta-analysis of parent training programs. Res Soc Work Pract. 2006;16:251-262. doi:10.1177/1049731505284391
13
World Health Organization (WHO). Preventing violence through the development of safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44088. Published 2009.
14
The News International. Child abuse cases increasing in Pakistan. http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-91603-Child-abuse-cases-increasing-in-Pakistan. Published February 08, 2012.
15
Manizeh B. Har bacha mehfooz-safe, secure and protected. Annul Report 2013. http://sahil.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Annual-Report-2013.pdf
16
Malik F. Determinants of child abuse in Pakistani families: parental acceptance-rejection and demographic variables. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 2010;1(1):67-80.
17
Ali M, Shahab S, Ushijima H, de-Muynck A. Street children in Pakistan: a situational analysis of social conditions and nutritional status. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59(8):1707-1717. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.031
18
Aga Khan Health Services Pakistan website. http://www.akdn.org/akhs. Updated 2007.
19
SOS Help. Helping people help themselves. Programs and Parents Press. http://www.sosprograms.com/index.html
20
Oveisi S, Ardabili HE, Dadds MR, et al. Primary prevention of parent-child conflict and abuse in Iranian mothers: A rondomized-controlled trial. Child Abuse Neglect. 2010;34:206-213. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.05.008
21
Clark, L. SOS Help for Parents. 3rd ed. Bowling Green, USA: SOS programs and parents press; 2005.
22
Cowen PS. Effectiveness of a parent education intervention for at-risk families. Journal of Specialists in Pediatric Nursing. 2001;6(2):73-82. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2001.tb00124.x
23
MacMillan HL, Wathen CN, Barlow J, Fergusson DM, Leventhal JM, Taussig HN. Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment. Lancet. 2009;373:250-266. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2001.tb00124.x
24
Arnold DS, O'Leary SG, Wolff LS, Acker MM. The parenting scale: a measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychol Assess. 1993;5(2):137-144.
25
Rhoades KA, O’Leary SG. Factor structure and validity of the parenting scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2007;36(2):137-146. doi:10.1037//1040-3590.5.2.137
26
Prinz RJ, Sanders MR, Shapiro CJ, Whitaker DJ, Lutzker JR. Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: the US Triple P system population trial. Prev Sci. 2009;10(1):1-12. doi:10.1080/15374410701274157
27
World Health Organization (WHO). Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence 2006. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43499/1/9241594365_eng.pdf
28
Turner KM, Richards M, Sanders MR. Randomised clinical trial of a group parent education programme for Australian Indigenous families. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007;43:429-437. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.2002.00077.x-i1
29
López SC, George LM, Herrera ALD, et al. Parenting and physical punishment: primary care interventions in Latin America. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2000;8(4):257-267. doi:10.1590/s1020-49892000000900005
30
El-Mohandes AA, Katz KS, El-Khorazaty MN, et al. The effect of a parenting education program on the use of preventive pediatric healthcare services among low-income, minority mothers: a randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2003;111(6):1324-1332. doi:10.1542/peds.111.6.1324
31
Fujiwara T, Kato N, Sanders MR. Effectiveness of group positive parenting program (Triple P) in changing child behavior, parenting style, and parental adjustment: an intervention study in Japan. J Child Fam Stud. 2011;20:804-813. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9448-1
32
Gylfason G, Sigurðardóttir Z, Skúlason S, et al. Private parenting coach : an intervention that improves the parenting techniques of parents with a long history of social service support. Sálfræðiritið. 2009;14:93-101.
33
Kirby JN, Matthew RS. A randomized controlled trial evaluating a parenting program designed specifically for grandparents. Behav Res Ther. 2014;52:35-44. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.11.002
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Attitude of Iranian Medical Oncologists Toward Economic Aspects, and Policy-making in Relation to New Cancer Drugs
Background Although medical oncologists can have an important role in controlling the cost of cancer treatment, there is little information about their attitudes toward the cost of cancer treatment and the impact of cost on their treatment recommendations, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this study, we assessed the attitude of Iranian medical oncologists toward some economic aspects of new cancer drugs. Methods We translated a questionnaire that was used in similar studies in the United States and Canada into Persian and modified it according to the local setting in Iran. The face and content validity of the questionnaire were assessed by oncologists before being used in the survey. We distributed the questionnaire and collected the data from 80 oncologists who participated in the 13th Annual Congress of the Iranian Society of Medical Oncology and Hematology (ISMOH). Results Fifty-two oncologists participated in our study (a response rate of 65%). The majority of oncologists stated that drug costs and patient out-of-pocket (OOP) costs influence their treatment recommendations (92% and 94%, respectively). Most oncologists (70%) felt that they are ready enough to use cost-effectiveness information in their treatment decisions, and 74% believed that patients should only have access to cancer treatments that are cost-effective. Most oncologists agree that the government should have control over drug prices, and more use of cost‐effectiveness data is required for decision-making about cancer drug coverage. Ninety-one percent of oncologists said that they always or frequently discuss cancer treatment costs with their patients. Oncologists believed that academic groups (research centers and scientific societies) (81%) and the Ministry of Health (MoH) (43%) are the most eligible groups for determining whether a drug provides good value. Conclusion Iranian medical oncologists are ready to participate in the health technology assessment and prioritysetting process. This situation creates a unique opportunity for the government to rely on scientific societies and find an appropriate solution for the improvement of patients’ access to high-quality care.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3118_c9a608e87cd9a923c3447bcd69fb0572.pdf
2015-10-20
99
105
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.186
Medical Oncologists
Attitude
New Cancer Drugs
Cost
Policy-Making
Iran
Rajabali
Daroudi
rdaroudi@yahoo.com
1
Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrzad
Mirzania
mirzania_m@yahoo.com
2
Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Kazem
Zendehdel
kzendeh@sina.tums.ac.ir
3
Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rosamond T. The high cost of cancer drugs and what we can do about it. Paper presented at: Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2013.
1
Experts in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. The price of drugs for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a reflection of the unsustainable prices of cancer drugs: from the perspective of a large group of CML experts. Blood. 2013;121(22):4439-4442. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-03-490003
2
Neumann PJ, Palmer JA, Nadler E, Fang C, Ubel P. Cancer therapy costs influence treatment: a national survey of oncologists. Health Affairs. 2010;29(1):196-202. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0077
3
Meropol NJ, Schrag D, Smith TJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guidance statement: the cost of cancer care. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(23):3868-3874. doi:10.1200/jco.2009.23.1183
4
The World Bank Data. Country and Lending Groups. http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups. Accessed May 13, 2015.
5
Marseille E, Larson B, Kazi DS, Kahnd JG, Rosenb S. Thresholds for the cost–effectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93(2):65-132.
6
Kantarjian HM, Fojo T, Mathisen M, Zwelling LA. Cancer drugs in the United States: Justum Pretium—the just price. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(28):3600-3604. doi:10.1200/jco.2013.49.1845
7
Bullock AJ, Hofstatter EW, Yushak ML, Buss MK. Understanding patients' attitudes toward communication about the cost of cancer care. J Oncol Pract. 2012;8(4):e50-e58. doi:10.1200/jop.2011.000418
8
Shih YCT, Halpern MT. Economic evaluations of medical care interventions for cancer patients: how, why, and what does it mean? CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2008;58(4):231-244. doi:10.3322/ca.2008.0008
9
Rouhollahi M, Mohamdnejad S, Harirchi I, et al. Recommendations for management of the Trastuzumab (Herceptin) among Iranian breast cancer patients, a policy brief. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research. 2014;6(2):27-34.
10
Hajizadeh M, Nghiem HS. Out-of-pocket expenditures for hospital care in Iran: who is at risk of incurring catastrophic payments? Int J Health Care Finance Econ. 2011;11(4):267-285. doi:10.1007/s10754-011-9099-1
11
Bazyar M, Pourreza A, Harirchi I, Akbari F, Mahmoudi M. Medical and non-medical direct costs of cancers in patients hospitalized in Imam Khomeini cancer institution - 2010. Hospital Journal. 2012;11 (1):39-50.
12
Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME), Internatinal Affairs Departement. Health Evolution Plan in the Islamic Republic of Iran. http://ird.behdasht.gov.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=419&pageid=51060&newsview=113776. Accessed July 27, 2015.
13
Alexander GC, Casalino LP, Tseng CW, McFadden D, Meltzer DO. Barriers to patient‐physician communication about out‐of‐pocket costs. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(8):856-860. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30249.x
14
Pouragha B, Pourreza A, Jaafaripooyan E, et al. The effect of access and out of pocket payment on the utilization of physicians services. World Appl Sci J. 2013;22(1):104-112.
15
Delavari H, Keshtkaran A, Setoudehzadeh F. Catastrophic health expenditures and coping strategies in households with cancer patients in Shiraz Namazi hospital. Middle East Journal of Cancer. 2014;5(1):13-22.
16
Ansaripour A, Uyl-de Groot CA, Steenhoek A, Redekop WK. The drug reimbursement decision-making system in Iran. Value in Health Regional Issues. 2014;3:174-181.
17
Drug Deputy of Iran Food and Drug Organization. The Drug Sales Statistics During 2014 (AmarNameh). Tehran, Iran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2015.
18
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-E386. doi:10.1002/ijc.29210
19
Berry SR, Hubay S, Soibelman H, Martin DK. The effect of priority setting decisions for new cancer drugs on medical oncologists' practice in Ontario: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7(1):193. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-193
20
de Kort SJ, Kenny N, van Dijk P, Gevers S, Richel DJ, Willems DL. Cost issues in new disease-modifying treatments for advanced cancer: In-depth interviews with physicians. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43(13):1983-1989. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.05.017
21
Berry SR, Bell CM, Ubel PA, et al. Continental divide? The attitudes of US and Canadian oncologists on the costs, cost-effectiveness, and health policies associated with new cancer drugs. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(27):4149-4153. doi:10.1200/jco.2010.29.1625
22
Nadler E, Eckert B, Neumann PJ. Do oncologists believe new cancer drugs offer good value? Oncologist. 2006;11(2):90-95.
23
Schrag D, Hanger M. Medical oncologists' views on communicating with patients about chemotherapy costs: A pilot survey. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(2):233-237. doi:10.1200/jco.2006.09.2437
24
Thomson J, Schofield P, Mileshkin L, et al. Do oncologists discuss expensive anti-cancer drugs with their patients? Ann Oncol. 2006;17(4):702-708. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdj136
25
Greenberg D, Hammerman A, Vinker S, Shani A, Yermiahu Y, Neumann PJ. Oncologists’ and family physicians’ views on value for money of cancer and congestive heart failure care. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2013;2:44. doi:10.1186/2045-4015-2-44
26
Tangka FK, Trogdon JG, Richardson LC, Howard D, Sabatino SA, Finkelstein EA. Cancer treatment cost in the United States. Cancer. 2010;116(14):3477-3484. doi:10.1002/cncr.25150
27
Schnipper LE, Davidson NE, Wollins DS, et al. American society of clinical oncology statement: a conceptual framework to assess the value of cancer treatment options. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(23):2563-2577. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6706
28
Kaser E, Shaw J, Marven M, Swinburne L, Boyle F. Communication about high-cost drugs in oncology—the patient view. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(9):1910-1914. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq068
29
Henrikson NB, Tuzzio L, Loggers ET, Miyoshi J, Buist DS. Patient and oncologist discussions about cancer care costs. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(4):961-967. doi:10.1007/s00520-013-2050-x
30
Hofstatter EW. Understanding patient perspectives on communication about the cost of cancer care: a review of the literature. J Oncol Pract. 2010;6(4):188-192. doi:10.1200/jop.777002
31
Irwin B, Kimmick G, Altomare I, et al. Patient experience and attitudes toward addressing the cost of breast cancer care. Oncologist. 2014;19(11):1135-1140.
32
Bestvina CM, Zullig LL, Rushing C, et al. Patient-oncologist cost communication, financial distress, and medication adherence. J Oncol Pract. 2014;10(3):162-167. doi:10.1200/jop.2014.001406
33
Rosenberg-Yunger ZR, Thorsteinsdóttir H, Daar AS, Martin DK. Stakeholder involvement in expensive drug recommendation decisions: an international perspective. Health Policy. 2012;105(2):226-235. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.12.002
34
Pfister DG. The just price of cancer drugs and the growing cost of cancer care: Oncologists need to be part of the solution. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(28):3487-3489. doi:10.1200/jco.2013.50.3466
35
Baradaran-Seyed Z, Nedjat S, Yazdizadeh B, Nedjat S, Majdzadeh R. Barriers of clinical practice guidelines development and implementation in developing countries: a case study in iran. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(3):340.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Women’s Education and World Peace: A Feminist Dream Comes True; Comment on “The Pill Is Mightier Than the Sword”
This commentary on Potts et al provides a critical view on their thesis that increasing the level of education among women is likely to reduce terrorism. Presence of a strong family planning program enables women to control family size resulting in women’s public participation more likely and facilitating the emergence of small birth cohorts who are less likely to become unemployed. In spite of the several theoretical insights their paper offers, they have not adequately described the multiple social and economic linkages that may exist between fertility rates and lowering frequency of wars, terrorism, etc.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3104_dbd14ef55eb5a6af60d0772b5aad6eac.pdf
2016-02-01
107
108
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.178
Youth Bulge
Family Planning
Terrorism
Vijayan
Pillai
drpillai@yahoo.com
1
School of Social Work, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ya-Chien
Wang
taiwantous@gmail.com
2
Department of Medical Sociology and Social Work, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
AUTHOR
Potts M, Mahmood A, Graves AA. The pill is mightier than the sword. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(8):507-510. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.109
1
Mesquida CG, Wiener NI. Male age composition and severity of conflicts. Polit Life Sci. 1999;18(2):181-189.
2
Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: Morrow; 1963.
3
Goldstein JS. War and Gender. Springer; 2004.
4
Balan S, Mahalingam R. Are we losing the war on missing girls? Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(1):e22.
5
Mitra A. Son preference in India: implications for gender development. J Econ Issues. 2014;48(4).
6
Muecke MA. Make money not babies: changing status markers of northern Thai women. Asian Surv. 1984;24(4):459-470. doi:10.1525/as.1984.24.4.01p0155r
7
Menon N, van der Meulen Rodgers Y. War and women’s work evidence from the conflict in Nepal. J Conflict Resolut. 2015;59(1):51-73. doi:10.1177/0022002713498699
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Bomb or Boon: Linking Population, People and Power in Fragile Regions; Comment on “The Pill Is Mightier Than the Sword”
The relationship between population structure and violent conflict is complex and heavily dependent on the behavior of other variables like governance, economic prospects, and urbanization. While addressing rapid population growth might be a necessary condition for peace, it is by no means sufficient. Concomitant steps must also be taken to foster inclusivity, guarantee broader rights for all, particularly women, rebuild social contracts and ensure that all citizens have equal access to economic opportunity. Measures to control family size could reduce dependency and create greater socio-economic opportunities for women and youth, By so doing, the “youth bulge” phenomenon could be a boon for rapidly growing developing countries.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3107_370ad473df377d3f517efd16ee06bcd6.pdf
2016-02-01
109
111
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.176
Population
Conflict
Economics
Gender
Raymond
Gilpin
raymond.gilpin@ndu.edu
1
National Defense University, Washington, DC, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Brukner M. Population size and civil conflict risk: is there a causal link? Econ J. 2010;120(544):535-550. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02352.x
1
Potts M, Mahmood A, Graves AA. The Pill is Mightier than the Sword. Int. J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(8);507-510. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.109
2
Weber H. Demography and Democracy: The impact of youth cohort size on democratic stability in the world. Democratization. 2011;20(2):335-357. doi:10.1080/13510347.2011.650916
3
Sommers M. Governance, security and culture: assessing Africa’s youth bulge. Journal of Conflict and Violence. 2011;5(2):292-303.
4
Urdal H, Hoelscher K. Urban youth bulges and social disorder: an empirical study of Asian and Sub-Saharan cities. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5110; 2009.
5
Bricker N, Foley M. The Effect of Youth Demographics on Violence: The Importance of the Labor Market. International Journal of Conflict and Violence. 2013;l 7(1):179-194.
6
Yair O, Miodownik D. Youth Bulge and Civil War: Why a Country’s Share of Young Adults Explains only Non-Ethnic Wars. Conflict Management and Peace. 2014. doi: 10.1177/0738894214544613
7
Urdal H. Demography and armed conflict: assessing the role of population growth and youth Bulges. CRPD Working Paper No. 2; 2011.
8
Brixiová Z, Ncube M, Zorobabel B. Skills and youth entrepreneurship in Africa: analysis with evidence from Swaziland. Working Paper No 204. African Development Bank; 2014.
9
Habumruremyi P, Zenawi M. Making family planning a national development priority. Lancet, 2012;380:(9837):78-80. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60904-0
10
Erzuram K, Eren, B. Women in peacebuilding: a criticism of gendered solutions in postconflcit situations. Journal of Applied Security Research. 2014;9(2):236-256. doi:10.1080/19361610.2014.883297
11
Mekonnen D, van Reisen, M. The role of women in post-conflict transformation in the horn of Africa: a case study of Eritrea. African Journal of Business and Economic Research. 2013;8(1):83-106.
12
Buhaug H, Urdal H. An urbanization bomb? population growth and social disorder in cities. Glob Environ Change. 2013;23(1):1-10. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.016
13
Le Bas A. Violence and urban order in Nairobi, Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria. Stud Comp Int Dev. 2013;48:240-262. doi:10.1007/s12116-013-9134-y
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Little Bit of Sugar Helps the Pill Go Down: Resilience, Peace, and Family Planning; Comment on “The Pill Is Mightier Than the Sword”
The article by Potts et al, “The Pill is Mightier than the Sword,” points out that family planning has an important role to play in building peace by increasing women’s empowerment and their agency, ultimately helping peacebuilding efforts. Evidence has demonstrated that family planning programs are cost effective, produce quick results, help women and couples meet their desired fertility levels, and produce a multitude of benefits around economic productivity, community engagement, conservation, resilience, and peacebuilding. In order for policy audiences from a variety of sectors, including conflict and peacebuilding, to appreciate these benefits, it is important to find common ground and articulate co-benefits that will help them appreciate and value the role of family planning, as it were, give them sugar to help the pill go down. This commentary examines how resilience, peacebuilding and family planning efforts need to focus on co-benefits in order to build on the successful interventions and opportunities that Potts et al highlight.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3109_5cf01468d4d7e02d9eddfb26a0cc6451.pdf
2016-02-01
113
116
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.175
Family Planning
Resilience
Peacebuilding
Conflict
Population
Roger-Mark
De Souza
roger-mark.desouza@wilsoncenter.org
1
Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, DC, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Potts M, Mahmood A, Graves AA. The pill is mightier than the sword. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(8):507-510. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.109
1
Hoke TH, Mackenzie C, Vance G, et al. Integrating family planning promotion into the work of environmental volunteers: a population, health and environment initiative in Kenya. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2015;41(1):43-50. doi:10.1363/4104315
2
Herzer L. Partnering on Climate Change Adaptation, Peacebuilding, and Population in Africa. http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2014/06/partnering-climate-change-adaptation-peacebuilding-population-africa/. Accessed August 1, 2015. Published June 2014.
3
Ostrowski C. Family Planning in Fragile States. Woodrow Wilson Center. http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2010/05/family-planning-in-fragile-states/. Accessed August 1, 2015. Published May 2010.
4
Mazur L, ed. A Pivotal Moment: Population, Justice and the Environmental Challenge. Washington DC: Island Press; 2009.
5
Population Action International. Access Denied: US Restrictions on International Family Planning. Washington, DC: Population Action International; 2005.
6
Barot S, Cohen SA. The Global Gag Rule and Fights over Funding UNFPA: The Issues That Won’t Go Away. Guttmacher Policy Review. 2015;18(2). http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/2/gpr1802715.html. Accessed August 1, 2015.
7
Sonfield A. What Women Already Know: Documenting the Social and Economic Benefits of Family Planning. Guttmacher Policy Review. 2013;16(1). https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/16/1/gpr160108.html. Accessed August 1, 2015.
8
Singh S, Darroch JE, Ashford LS, Vlassoff M. Adding It Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health. New York: Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund; 2009. http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/adding_it_up_report.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2015.
9
Newman K, Fisher S, Mayhew S, Stephenson J. Population, sexual and reproductive health, rights and sustainable development: forging a common agenda. Population, Environment and Sustainable Development. Reprod Health Matters. 2014;22(43):53-64.
10
Smith R, Ashford L, Gribble J, Clifton D. Family Planning Saves Lives. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau; 2014. http://www.prb.org/pdf09/familyplanningsaveslives.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2015.
11
De Souza RM. Resilience, integrated development and family planning: building long-term solutions. Reprod Health Matters. 2014;22(43):75-83. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(14)43773-x
12
Moller H. Youth as a force in the modern world. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1968;56:563-595.
13
Fuller GA, Pitts FR. Youth cohorts and political unrest in South Korea. Political Geography Quarterly. 1990;9:9-22. doi:10.1016/0260-9827(90)90003-S
14
Collier P, Hoeffler A, Rohner D. Beyond greed and grievance: feasibility and civil war. Oxf Econ Pap. 2009;61(1):1-27. doi:10.1093/oep/gpn029
15
Goldstone J, Bates R, Gurr TR, et al. A global forecasting model of political instability. Paper presented at: The annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Washington DC; 2005.
16
Urdal H, Hoescher K. Urban youth bulges and social disorder: an empirical study of Asian and Sub-Saharan African cities. Washington DC, World Bank Policy Research Paper 5110; 2009.
17
National Intelligence Council. Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World. Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council; 2008.
18
U.S. Department of Defense. Quadrennial Defense Review Report 2014; 2014. http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2014_Quadrennial_Defense_Review.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2015.
19
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Women and Conflict – An Introductory Guide for Programming. Washington DC: USAID, Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation; 2007. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnadj133.pdf. Accessed February 2015.
20
Bennett L. Women’s Equality Not Just a Moral, But National Security Issue, Say Valerie Hudson and Patricia Leidl. http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/07/friday-podcast-valerie-hudson-patricia-leidl-hillary-doctrine-womens-role-foreign-policy/. Accessed August 1, 2015. Published July 10, 2015.
21
Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/. Accessed August 1, 2015.
22
United States National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/email-files/US_National_Action_Plan_on_Women_Peace_and_Security.pdf. Accessed February 10, 2015.
23
Center for Human Rights and Global Justice (CHRGJ). Women and Preventing Violent Extremism: The US and UK Experiences. accessed on line on 2/13/15. Published January 1, 2012. http://chrgj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Women-and-Violent-Extremism-The-US-and-UK-Experiences.pdf.
24
Rüttinger L, Smith D, Stang G, Tänzler D, Vivekananda J. A New Climate for Peace: Taking Action on Climate and Fragility Risks - an independent report commissioned by the G7 members. https://www.newclimateforpeace.org/#report-top. Published June 2015.
25
Mercy Corps. Summary of Existing Donor Activities Around Institutionalizing Resilience. http://www.2020resilience.ifpri.info/files/2013/07/institutionalizing-resilience.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2015. Published May 2014.
26
Bahadur AV, Ibrahim M, Tanner T. The resilience renaissance? Unpacking of resilience for tacking climate change and disasters. UK: Institute of Development Studies; 2010.
27
Béné C, Godfrey Wood R, Newsham A, Davies M. Resilience: New Utopia or New Tyranny? Reflection about the Potentials and Limits of the Concept of Resilience in Relation to Vulnerability Reduction Programmes IDS Working Paper 405. http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Wp405.pdf.
28
Mercy Corps. Rethinking Resilience: Prioritizing Gender Integration to Enhance Household and Community Resilience to Food Insecurity in the Sahel. http://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/Mercy%20Corps%20Gender%20and%20Resilience%20September%202014.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2015.
29
Alejandra Kubitschek Bujones AK, Jaskiewicz K, Linakis L, McGirr M. A Framework for Resilience in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations. Columbia University, SIPA; 2013. https://sipa.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/USAID.pdf.
30
31. Global Resilience Partnership website.http://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/.
31
16 Teams Selected to Develop Innovative Solutions to Global Resilience Challenges. http://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/blog/2015/02/17/grp-teams-announced/. Accessed August 1, 2015. Published February 17, 2015.
32
De Souza RM. Demographic resilience: linking population dynamics, the environment and security. The SAIS Review of International Affairs. 2015;35(1):17-27.
33
FP2020 website. http://www.familyplanning2020.org.
34
Lamere C. New Support for International Family Planning: The Significance of the London Summit. http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2012/12/importance-london-summit-family-planning/. Accessed August 1, 2015. Published December 21, 2012.
35
Chavara C. Engaging Decision-makers on Family Planning: Some Right IDEAs. http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/08/engaging-decision-makers-family-planning-ideas/. Accessed August 11, 2015. Published August 10, 2015.
36
Tanner T, Rentschler J. Unlocking the Triple Dividend of Resilience. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/unlocking_triple_dividend_resilience.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2015. Published 2015.
37
De Souza RM. Resilience, integrated development and family planning: building long-term solutions. Reprod Health Matters. 2014;22(43):75-83. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(14)43773-x
38
Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Politics and Power in Global Health: The Constituting Role of Conflicts; Comment on “Navigating Between Stealth Advocacy and Unconscious Dogmatism: The Challenge of Researching the Norms, Politics and Power of Global Health”
In a recent article, Gorik Ooms has drawn attention to the normative underpinnings of the politics of global health. We claim that Ooms is indirectly submitting to a liberal conception of politics by framing the politics of global health as a question of individual morality. Drawing on the theoretical works of Chantal Mouffe, we introduce a conflictual concept of the political as an alternative to Ooms’ conception. Using controversies surrounding medical treatment of AIDS patients in developing countries as a case we underline the opportunity for political changes, through political articulation of an issue, and collective mobilization based on such an articulation.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3115_947f8088ae35f0901bbd45951a01d03f.pdf
2016-02-01
117
119
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.188
Global Health
Liberal Politics
Chantal Mouffe
Conflict
AIDS
Antiretroviral (ARV)
Treatment
Clemet
Askheim
ikkekristinclemet@gmail.com
1
Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
AUTHOR
Kristin
Heggen
k.m.heggen@medisin.uio.no
2
Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
AUTHOR
Eivind
Engebretsen
eivind.engebretsen@medisin.uio.no
3
Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ooms G. Navigating between stealth advocacy and unconscious dogmatism: the challenge of researching the norms, politics and power of global health. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(10):641-644. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.116
1
Barnett M, Duvall R. Power in international politics. International Organization. 2005;59:39-75.
2
Mouffe C. On the Political. Abingdon: Rotledge; 2005.
3
Schmitt C. The Concept of the Political. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1996.
4
Singer P. Famine, affluence, and morality.Philos Public Aff. 1972;1(3):229-243.
5
Bhopal R. Racism in medicine. BMJ. 2001;322:1503-1504.
6
Glasford DE, Caraballo KL. Collective action from a distance: distance shapes how people view victims of injustice and decreases willingness to engage in collective action. Group Process Intergroup Relat. 2015. doi:10.1177/1368430215570505
7
Farmer P, Léandre F, Mukherjee JS, et al. Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in resource-poor settings. Lancet 2001;358:404-409.
8
D'Adesky AC. Moving Mountains: The Race to Treat Global AIDS. London: Verso; 2004.
9
Brugha R, Bruen C. A ghost in the machine? Politics in global health policy. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(3):157-158. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.80
10
McCoy D, Singh G. A spanner in the works? Anti-politics in global health policy; Comment on “A ghost in the machine? Politics in global health policy.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(3):151-153. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.77
11
Dahl R. Can international organizations be democratic? A skeptic’s view. In: Shapiro I, Hacker-Cordón C, eds. Democracy’s Edges. Cambrigde: Cambrigde University Press; 1999.
12
Mouffe C. Rawls: Political philosophy without politics. In: Mouffe C, ed. The Return of the Political. London: Verso; 1993.
13
Mouffe C. Deliberative democracy or agonistic pluralism. Social Research. 1999;66(3):745-758.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimisation of Healthcare Contracts: Tensions Between Standardisation and Innovation; Comment on “Competition in Healthcare: Good, Bad or Ugly?”
An important determinant of health system performance is contracting. Providers often respond to financial incentives, despite the ethical underpinnings of medicine, and payers can craft contracts to influence performance. Yet contracting is highly imperfect in both single-payer and multi-payer health systems. Arguably, in a competitive, multi-payer environment, contractual innovation may occur more rapidly than in a single-payer system. This innovation in contract design could enhance performance. However, contractual innovation often fails to improve performance as payer incentives are misaligned with public policy objectives. Numerous countries seek to improve healthcare contracts, but thus far no health system has demonstrably crafted the necessary blend of incentives to stimulate optimal contracting.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3117_082bf2d6be8c140f59808f48403de2c6.pdf
2016-02-01
121
123
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.189
Healthcare
Competition
Contracts
Innovation
Performance
Misja
Mikkers
m.c.mikkers@uvt.nl
1
NZa, Dutch Healthcare Authority, Utrecht, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Padhraig
Ryan
ryanp17@tcd.ie
2
Centre for Health Policy and Management, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
LEAD_AUTHOR
Havighurst CC. Health care choices: private contracts as instruments of health reform. American Enterprise Institute; 1995.
1
Goddard M. Competition in healthcare: good, bad or ugly? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(9):567-569. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.144
2
Robinson JC. Theory and practice in the design of physician payment incentives. Milbank Q. 2001;79(2):149-177. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.00202
3
Douven R, Mocking R, Mosca I. The effect of physician remuneration on regional variation in hospital treatments. Int J Health Econ Manag. 2015;15(2):215-240. doi:10.1007/s10754-015-9164-2
4
Roberts M, Hsiao W, Berman P. Getting Health Reform Right: A Guide to Improving Performance And Equity. Oxford University press; 2008.
5
Ryan P. Transforming primary care in Ireland: information, incentives, and provider capabilities. Centre for Health Policy and Management Working Paper (01); 2011.
6
Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit. Marktscan en Beleidsbrief. Ketenzorg 2014. Weergave van de markt 2008-2013. http://www.nza.nl/104107/105773/953131/Marktscan_Ketenzorg_2014_en_beleidsbrief.pdf. Accessed September 15, 2015. Published 2015.
7
Mikkers M, Ryan P. “Managed competition” for Ireland? The single versus multiple payer debate. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:442. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-442
8
Cutler D, Wikler E, Basch P, et al. Reducing administrative costs and improving the health care system. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(20):1875-1878. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1209711
9
Jost TS. Health insurance exchanges: legal issues. J Law Med Ethics. 2009;37(s2):51-70. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00420.x
10
Rajkumar R, Press MJ, Conway PH. The CMS Innovation Center--a five-year self-assessment. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):1981-1983. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1501951
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
What About Leadership?; Comment on “Cultures of Silence and Cultures of Voice: The Role of Whistleblowing in Healthcare Organisations”
In their valuable discussion of whistleblowing in healthcare organisations, Mannion and Davies highlight the importance of organisational culture in influencing whether people raise concerns, and whether these concerns are listened to and acted upon. The role of leadership in shaping organisational culture is well-established1 and in this commentary, we will examine the influence of leaders in creating cultures of silence or cultures of voice.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3121_02f58e343ec58907088c02711ddf8b80.pdf
2016-02-01
125
127
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.193
Leadership
Whistle Blowing
Silence and Voice
Organizational Culture
John
Blenkinsopp
j.blenkinsopp@hull.ac.uk
1
Hull University Business School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nicholas
Snowden
nicholas.snowden@hull.ac.uk
2
Hull University Business School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
AUTHOR
Schein, EH. Organizational Culture and Leadership. 4th ed. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons; 2010.
1
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4
Mannion R, Davies HT. Cultures of silence and cultures of voice: the role of whistleblowing in healthcare organisations. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(8):503-505. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.120
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12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Putting Management Capacity Building at the Forefront of Health Systems Strengthening; Comment on “Management Matters: A Leverage Point for Health Systems Strengthening in Global Health”
The current limited focus on management in global health activities is highly problematic given the amounts of financial and human resources that are pouring into health system strengthening interventions and the complexity of clinical operations across settings. By ensuring that public health and healthcare practitioners in domestic and international settings receive management training in their educational programs and that we build management capacity among individuals already in the health workforce, we can begin to prepare for more effective health systems strengthening efforts. Rigorous evaluation of health systems strengthening and the impact of management capacity building is crucial to building evidence for the field.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3122_8c375adb7cd1fc2f4d2f5b2e48d20a40.pdf
2016-02-01
129
131
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.195
Health System Strengthening
Management
Strategy
Global Health
Valerie A.
Yeager
vayeager@tulane.edu
1
School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jane
Bertrand
bertrand@tulane.edu
2
School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
AUTHOR
Royston G. Meeting global health challenges through operational research and management science. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89(9):683-688. Doi:10.2471/blt.11.086066
1
Bradley EH, Taylor LA, Cuellar CJ. Management matters: a leverage point for health systems strengthening in global health. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(7):411-415. Doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.101
2
Kleinman CS. Leadership roles, competencies, and education: how prepared are our nurse managers? J Nurs Adm. 2003;33(9):451-455. Doi:10.1097/00005110-200309000-00005
3
Baker S, Marshburn DM, Crickmore KD, Rose SB, Dutton K, Hudson PC. What do you do? Perceptions of nurse manager responsibilities. Nurs Manage. 2012;43(12):24-29. Doi:10.1097/01.numa.0000422890.99334.21
4
Kerridge J. Why management skills are a priority for nurses. Nurs Times. 2013;109(9):16-17.
5
Novak S. Hands-On Medical Education in Rwanda. The New York Times. May 13, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/world/africa/14iht-educlede14.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1. Accessed August 8, 2015.
6
Potter C, Brough R. Systemic capacity building: a hierarchy of needs. Health Policy Plan. 2004;19(5):336-345. Doi:10.1093/heapol/czh038
7
Institute of Medicine (IOM). The US Commitment to Global Health: Recommendations for the Public and Private Sectors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.
8
Novak S. Hands-On Medical Education in Rwanda. The New York Times. May 13, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/world/africa/14iht-educlede14.html?_r=0.
9
Díaz-Monsalve, SJ. The impact of health-management training programs in Latin America on job performance.Cad Saude Publica. 2004;20(4):1110-1120.
10
Egger D, Travis P, Dovlo D, Hawken L. Strengthening Management in Low-Income Countries. Making Health Systems Work: Working Paper Series Number 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. http://www.who.int/management/working_paper_1_en_opt.pdf. Accessed October 23, 2015.
11
Adam T, Hsu J, de Savigny D, Lavis JN, Rottingen JA, Bennett S. Evaluating health systems strengthening interventions in low-income and middle-income countries: are we asking the right questions? Health Policy Plan. 2012;27(suppl 4):iv9-19. Doi:10.1093/heapol/czs086
12
Hatt L, Johns B, Connor C, Meline M, Kukla M, Moat K. Impact Of Health Systems Strengthening on Health. Bethesda, MD: Health Finance & Governance Project. Abt Associates; 2015.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
When Whistle-blowers Become the Story: The Problem of the ‘Third Victim’; Comment on “Cultures of Silence and Cultures of Voice: The Role of Whistleblowing in Healthcare Organisations”
In the healthcare context, whistleblowing has come to the fore of political, professional and public attention in the wake of major service scandals and mounting evidence of the routine threats to safety that patients face in their care. This paper offers a commentary and wider contextualisation of Mannion and Davies, ‘Cultures of silence and cultures of voice: the role of whistleblowing in healthcare organisations.’ It argues that closer attention is needed to the way in which whistle-blowers can become the focus and victim of raising concerns and speaking up.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3124_d787a2b03c609531d2f6886cea234216.pdf
2016-02-01
133
135
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.197
Whistleblowing
Patient Safety
Speaking-up
Risk
Justin
Waring
j.waring@bham.ac.uk
1
Centre for Health Innovation, Leadership & Learning, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Department of Health. An Organisation with a Memory. London: TSO; 2000.
1
Francis R. Freedom to Speak Up. London: TSO; 2015.
2
Kennedy I. The Report of the Public Inquiry into children’s heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Information 1984-1995: learning from Bristol. London: TSO; 2000.
3
Ullstrom S, Sachs MA, Hansso J, Ovretveit J, Brommels M. Suffering in silence: a qualitative study of second victims of adverse events. BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23:325-331. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002035
4
Francis R. The Report of the Mid-Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. London: TSO; 2013.
5
Mannion R, Davies HT. Cultures of silence and cultures of voice: the role of whistleblowing in healthcare organisations. Int J Health Policy Manag 2015;4(8):503-505. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.120
6
Douglas M. Risk and Blame. London: Routledge; 1992.
7
Waring JJ. Constructing and re-constructing narratives of patient safety. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(12):1722-1731. Doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.052
8
Jones A, Kelly D. Whistle‐blowing and workplace culture in older peoples' care: qualitative insights from the healthcare and social care workforce. Sociol Health Illn. 2014;36(7):986-1002. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12137
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Goffman E. The Presentation of the Self in Everday Life. London: Penguin; 1990.
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Waring JJ. Beyond blame: cultural barriers to medical incident reporting. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(9):1927-1935.doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.055
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12
Waring JJ, Bishop S. “Water cooler” learning: Knowledge sharing at the clinical “backstage” and its contribution to patient safety. J Health Organ Manag. 2010;24(4):325-342. doi:10.1108/14777261011064968
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
From the Myth of Level Playing Fields to the Reality of a Finite Planet; Comment on “A Global Social Support System: What the International Community Could Learn From the United States’ National Basketball Association’s Scheme for Redistribution of New Talent”
Despite the mythology that the global economy with its trade rules creates a ‘level playing field,’ international trade has never involved ‘level players.’ The inequalities in outcomes generated by the more powerful winning more frequently has led to innovative ideas for ex post redistribution to make the matches between the players both fairer, and in the analogy to basketball used by the authors, more interesting and even more competitive. The proposal for a Global Social Protection Fund, financed by a small tax on the winners to enhance social protection spending for the losers, presumably increasing the latter’s capabilities to compete more effectively in the global market game, is one such idea. It has much to commend it. Several problems, however, stand in its way, apart from those inherent within nations themselves and to which the authors give some attention. First, much global trade is now intra-firm rather than international, making calculations of which nations win or lose exceedingly difficult. Second, tax havens persist without the transparency and global regulatory oversights that would allow a better rendering of where winnings are stashed. Third, pre-distribution inequalities (those arising from market activities before government tax and transfer measures apply) are still increasing as labour’s power to wrestle global capital into some ameliorative social contract diminishes. Fourth, there are finite limits to a planet on the cusp of multiple environmental crises. These problems do not diminish the necessity of alternative policy playbooks such as the proposed Fund, but point to the need to embrace the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a single set, such that economic growth for the bottom half of humanity includes deep structural reforms to both pre-distribution and redistribution, if the targets for environmental survival are to be met.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3130_b28fcfbe1f6089b1430c18fd2b66af8b.pdf
2016-02-01
137
139
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.202
Global Economy
International Trade
Inequality
Redistribution
Ronald
Labonté
rlabonte@uottawa.ca
1
School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ooms G, Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M. A global social support system: what the international community could learn from the United States’ National Basketball Association’s scheme for redistribution of new talent. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(11):715-718. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.126
1
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2
Labonté R, Packer C, Klassen N, et al. The Brain Drain of Health Professionals from Sub-Saharan Africa to Canada: Some Findings and Policy Options. Queens University: South African Migration Project; 2007.
3
Maurer A, Degain C. Globalization and Trade Flows: What You See Is Not What You Get! Geneva: World Trade Organization; 2010.
4
OECD. Explanatory Statement. http://www.oecd.org/tax/beps-2014-deliverables-explanatory-statement.pdf. Accessed October 13, 2015. Published 2015.
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G20 Development Group. G20 Response to 2014 Reports on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting and Automatic Exchange of Tax Information for Developing Countries. https://g20.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/16%20G20%20response%20to%202014%20reports%20on%20BEPS%20and%20AEOI%20for%20developing%20economies.pdf. Accessed October 13, 2015. Published 2014.
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Special Committee on Tax Rulings and Other Measures Similar in Nature or Effect. Draft Report On Tax Rulings And Other Measures Similar In Nature Or Effect. European Parliament; 2015.
7
Syal R, Bowers S, Wintour P. 'Big four' accountants 'use knowledge of Treasury to help rich avoid tax'. The Guardian. April 26, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/apr/26/accountancy-firms-knowledge-treasury-avoid-tax. Accessed October 13, 2015.
8
CBC. KPMG Offshore 'Sham' Deceived Tax Authorities, CRA Alleges. Huffington Post. September 10, 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/09/10/kpmg-offshore-sham-deceived-tax-authorities-cra-alleges_n_8115226.html. Accessed October 13, 2015.
9
Palan R, Murphy R, Chavagneux C. How Globalization Really Works. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 2009.
10
Why We Must End Upward Pre-Distributions to the Rich. Web site. http://robertreich.org/post/129996780230. Updated September 27, 2015. Accessed October 13, 2015.
11
Labonté R, Stuckler D. The rise of neoliberalism: how bad economics imperils health and what to do about it. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206295
12
Worstall T. The Story of Henry Ford's $5 a Day Wages: It's Not What You Think. Forbes. March 4, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/03/04/the-story-of-henry-fords-5-a-day-wages-its-not-what-you-think/. Accessed October 13, 2015.
13
Jackson T. Prosperity Without Growth. London: Earthscan; 2009.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Does Management Really Matter? And If so, to Who?; Comment on “Management Matters: A Leverage Point for Health Systems Strengthening in Global Health”
The editorial is commendable and I agree with many of the points raised. Management is an important aspect of health system strengthening which is often overlooked. In order to build the capacity of management, we need to consider other factors such as, the environment within which managers work, their numbers, support systems and distribution. Effective leadership is an issue which cannot be overemphasized as part of management capacity in resource deprived settings as difficult settings require leadership skills in order to achieve managerial success. A primary issue of importance highlighted in the editorial is country ownership of management effectiveness initiatives, which may be very difficult when the health sector is dependent on support and funding from donors and influential partners, who drive change often without a good understanding of the context. How partners finance health programmes is another dilemma as it can distract from locally determined priorities. Further research should help us to understand better what works and under different settings.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3135_d6a37ba5c6e9ce0e6a1c2eb7edae119a.pdf
2016-02-01
141
143
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.204
Management
Leadership
Country Ownership
Delanyo
Dovlo
dovlod@gmail.com
1
Department of Health System Policies and Operations, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bradley EH, Taylor LA, Cuellar CJ. Management matters: a leverage point for health systems strengthening in global health. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(7):411-415. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.101
1
Dorgan S, Layton D, Bloom N, Homkes R, Sadun R, Van Reenen J. Management in Healthcare: Why good practice really matters. LSE Research Online2011. http://cep.lse.ac.uk/textonly/_new/research/productivity/management/PDF/Management_in_Healthcare_Report.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015.
2
World Health Organization (WHO). Strengthening Management Capacity. http://www.who.int/management/strengthen/en/. Accessed September 3, 2015. Published 2015.
3
World Health Organization (WHO). Strengthening management in low-income countries: Lessons from Uganda (WHO/HSS/healthsystems/2007.4 Working paper No. 11). http://www.who.int/management/working_paper_11_en_opt.pdf?ua=1. Accessed September 1, 2015. Published 2007.
4
World Health Organization (WHO). Towards better leadership and management in health: Report on an international consultation on strengthening leadership and management in low-income countries (WHO/HSS/healthsystems/2007.3 Working paper No.10). http://www.who.int/management/working_paper_10_en_opt.pdf?ua=1. Accessed September 1, 2015. Published 2007.
5
World Health Organization (WHO). Managing the health millennium development goals-The challenge of management strengthening: Lessons from three countries (WHO/HSS/healthsystems/2007.1 Working paper No. 8).http://www.who.int/management/working_paper_8_en_opt.pdf?ua=1. Accessed September 1, 2015. Published 2007.
6
World Health Organization (WHO). Strengthening management in low-income countries (Working paper No.1). http://www.who.int/management/working_paper_1_en_opt.pdf?ua=1. Accessed September 1, 2015. Published 2005.
7
Hintea C, Mora C, TICLĂU T. Leadership and management in the health care system: Leadership perception in Cluj County children’s hospital. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences 2009;27:89-104. http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/view/250/244. Accessed September 1, 2015.
8
World Health Organization (WHO). Building Management Capacity to Rapidly Scale up Health Services and Health Outcomes. http://www.who.int/management/DorrosPaper020206.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2006.
9
Management Sciences for Health. Managers Who Lead – A handbook for improving health services. http://www.msh.org/sites/msh.org/files/mwl-2008-edition.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2006.
10
Western S. Leadership: a critical text. Dawsonera. https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9780857029485. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2008.
11
Goodwin N. Leadership in health care: A European perspective. London: Routledge - Taylor and Francis Group; 2006.
12
Northouse GP. Leadership: Theory and Practice. 4th ed. California, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc; 2007.
13
Buchanan DA, Denyer D, Jaina J, et al. How do they manage? A qualitative study of the realities of middle and front-line management work in health care. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2013. (Health Services and Delivery Research, No. 1.4.) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK259397/. Accessed September 2, 2015.
14
Balogun J. From Blaming the Middle to Harnessing its Potential: Creating Change Intermediaries. Br J Manag. 2003;14(1):69-83. doi:10.1111/1467-8551.00266
15
Mair J. Exploring the Determinants of Unit Performance – The role of middle managers in stimulating profit growth. Group & Organizational Management. 30(3):263-288. doi:10.1177/1059601104269113
16
GSM Association. Mobile Technology’s Promise for Healthcare. http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/mobiletechnologyspromiseforhealthcare.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2010.
17
Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS). How do I implement mobile technology in my hospital - Mobile Health IT. http://www.himss.org/resourcelibrary/TopicList.aspx?MetaDataID=2935. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2015.
18
Strome T. Mobile devices, apps and the patient health management revolution. http://searchhealthit.techtarget.com/feature/Mobile-devices-apps-and-the-patient-health-management-revolution. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2014.
19
Blackberry. Revitalizing Healthcare Delivery with Mobile Communications – smartphone benefits.http://us.blackberry.com/campaign/healthcarecampaign/smartphone_benefits.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2015.
20
Health Information Technology. Improve Medical Practice Management with Electronic Health Records - Providers. http://www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/medical-practice-efficiencies-cost-savings. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2014.
21
Accenture. The next eHealth wave for silver surfers: Health management. Accenture. https://www.accenture.com/th-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Dualpub_15/Accenture-Health-Management-Silver-Surfers-POV.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015. Published 2015.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Strategic Management in the Healthcare Sector: The Debate About the Resource-Based View Flourishes in Response to Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3133_05465b3428136860609da5f743bfc6d9.pdf
2016-02-01
145
146
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.205
Healthcare Organizations
Resource Based View
Knowledge Mobilization
Strategic Management
Ewan
Ferlie
ewan.ferlie@kcl.ac.uk
1
Department of Management, King’s College London, London, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tessa
Crilly
tessa@crystalblueconsulting.com
2
Crystal Blue Consulting Ltd., London, UK
AUTHOR
Ashok
Jashapara
ashok.jashapara@rhul.ac.uk
3
School of Management, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
AUTHOR
Susan
Trenholm
susan.trenholm@unimelb.edu.ac
4
Department of Management, King’s College London, London, UK
AUTHOR
Anna
Peckham
amgpeckham@gmail.com
5
Independent Librarian, Kent, UK
AUTHOR
Graeme
Currie
graeme.currie@wbs.ac.uk
6
Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
AUTHOR
Burton CR, Rycroft-Malone J. Resource based view of the firm as a theoretical lens on the organisational consequences of quality improvement. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(3):113-115. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.74.
1
Ferlie E, Crilly T, Jashapara A, Trenholm S, Peckham A, Currie G. Knowledge mobilization in healthcare organizations: a view from the resource-based view of the firm. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(3):127-130. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.35
2
Harvey G, Jas P, Walshe K. Analysing organisational context: case studies on the contribution of absorptive capacity theory to understanding inter-organisational variation in performance improvement. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24(1):48-55. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-002928
3
Burton C, Rycroft-Malone J. An untapped resource: patient and public involvement in implementation. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(12):845-847. doi:10.1517/ijhpm.2015.150
4
Cooksey Review. A Review of UK Health Research Funding. London: HM Treasury; 2006.
5
Department of Health. Innovation, Health and Wealth. London: Department of Health; 2011.
6
Harvey G, Kitson A. Necessary but not sufficient: Comment on “Knowledge mobilization in healthcare organizations: a view from the resource-based view of the firm.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(12):865-868. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.159
7
Porter ME, Teisberg EO. Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Business Press; 2006.
8
Harvey G, Skelcher C, Spencer E, Jas P, Walshe K. Absorptive capacity in a non-market environment: A knowledge-based approach to analysing the performance of sector organizations. Public Manag Rev. 2010;12(1):77-97.
9
Ferlie E. Analysing Health Care Organizations. Abingdon: Routledge; 2016 (in press).
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Let’s Raise a Half-Full Glass to the Zombie NHS: A Response to Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3140_c8e701f7a85168197c853365a269dcb6.pdf
2016-02-01
147
148
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.210
English National Health Service (NHS)
End of the NHS
Criteria
Martin
Powell
m.powell@bham.ac.uk
1
Health Services Management Centre, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Powell M. Who killed the English National Health Service? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(5):267-269. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.72
1
Klein R. Rhetoric and reality in the English National Health Service: Comment on “Who killed the English National Health Service?” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(9):621-623. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.105
2
Greer SL. Slow poisoning? Interests, emotions, and the strength of the English NHS: Comment on “Who killed the English National Health Service?” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(10):695-697. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.129
3
Greener I. Wolves and Big Yellow Taxis: How would be know if the NHS is at death’s door? Comment on “Who killed the English National Health Service?” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(10):687-689. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.124
4
Hunter DJ. The slow, lingering death of the English NHS: Comment on “Who killed the English National Health Service?” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;5(1):55-57. doi:10.1177/026101839601604702
5
Powell M. Granny’s footsteps, fractures and the principles of the NHS. Critical Social Policy. 1996;16:27-44. doi:10.1177/026101839601604702
6