ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Health Sector Evolution Plan in Iran; Equity and Sustainability Concerns
In 2014, a series of reforms, called as the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP), was launched in the health system of Iran in a stepwise process. HSEP was mainly based on the fifth 5-year health development national strategies (2011-2016). It included different interventions to: increase population coverage of basic health insurance, increase quality of care in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) affiliated hospitals, reduce out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for inpatient services, increase quality of primary healthcare, launch updated relative value units (RVUs) of clinical services, and update tariffs to more realistic values. The reforms resulted in extensive social reaction and different professional feedback. The official monitoring program shows general public satisfaction. However, there are some concerns for sustainability of the programs and equity of financing. Securing financial sources and fairness of the financial contribution to the new programs are the main concerns of policy-makers. Healthcare providers’ concerns (as powerful and influential stakeholders) potentially threat the sustainability and efficiency of HSEP. Previous experiences on extending health insurance coverage show that they can lead to a regressive healthcare financing and threat financial equity. To secure financial sources and to increase fairness, the contributions of people to new interventions should be progressive by their income and wealth. A specific progressive tax would be the best source, however, since it is not immediately feasible, a stepwise increase in the progressivity of financing must be followed. Technical concerns of healthcare providers (such as nonplausible RVUs for specific procedures or nonefficient insurance-provider processes) should be addressed through proper revision(s) while nontechnical concerns (which are derived from conflicting interests) must be responded through clarification and providing transparent information. The requirements of HSEP and especially the key element of progressive tax should be considered properly in the coming sixth national development plan (2016-2021).
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3089_1d34bb997a3eff9edd74ae857015e550.pdf
2015-10-01
637
640
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.160
Health System
Healthcare Reform
Health Policy
Iran
Maziar
Moradi-Lakeh
moradilakeh.m@iums.ac.ir
1
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbas
Vosoogh-Moghaddam
a_vosoogh@yahoo.com
2
Health Sector Policy Coordination Group, in Charge of Minister for Policy Making Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Manenti A. Health situation in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2011;25(1):1-7.
1
Shadpour K. Primary health care networks in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6(4):822-825.
2
Takian A, Rashidian A, Kabir MJ. Expediency and coincidence in re-engineering a health system: an interpretive approach to formation of family medicine in Iran. Health Policy Plan. 2011;26(2):163-173. doi:10.1093/heapol/czq036
3
Takian A, Doshmangir L, Rashidian A. Implementing family physician programme in rural Iran: exploring the role of an existing primary health care network. Fam Pract. 2013;30(5):551-559. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmt025
4
Lankarani KB, Alavian SM, Peymani P. Health in the Islamic Republic of Iran, challenges and progresses. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2013;27(1):42-49.
5
Moradi-Lakeh M, Bijari B, Namiranian N, Olyaeemanesh A-R, Khosravi A. Geographical disparities in child mortality in the rural areas of Iran: 16-years trend. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(4):346-349. doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201511
6
Zare H, Trujillo AJ, Driessen J, Ghasemi M, Gallego G. Health inequalities and development plans in Iran; an analysis of the past three decades (1984-2010). Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:42. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-13-42
7
Cabinet approval. http://www.behdasht.gov.ir/uploads/1_187198.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2015. Published April 2014.
8
Cabinet approval. Relative values of health services and tariffs. http://rvu.behdasht.gov.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=431&pageid=54134&newsview=119678. Accessed May 10, 2015.
9
Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME). Health Sector Evolution Portal. http://tahavol.behdasht.gov.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=426&pageid=52443. Accessed May 18, 2015.
10
Islamic Parliament Research Center (IPRC). Assessment of national annual budget proposal of 1394. 26- Health sector. 2014. http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/916417. Accessed August 21, 2015.
11
Mare Sedgh S. A growth in health budget by 70%. http://www.shefanews.com/fa/news/33033. Accessed August 16, 2015. Published December 2014.
12
Vosoogh Moghaddam A, Damari B, Alikhani S, et al. Health in the 5th 5-years Development Plan of Iran: Main Challenges, General Policies and Strategies. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(Supple1):42-49.
13
Iran National Institute of Health Research. Universal Health Coverage in Iran. Vol First. Tehran, Iran: Gozineh Parsian Teb; 2015. http://nihr.tums.ac.ir/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/uhc-book-edit1.pdf. Accessed August 8, 2015.
14
Davari M, Haycox A, Walley T. The Iranian Health Insurance System; Past Experiences, Present Challenges And Future Strategies. Iran J Public Health. 2012;41(9):1-9.
15
Rashidian A, Khosravi A, Khabiri R, et al. Islamic Republic of Iran’s Multiple Indicator Demograpphic and Healh Survey (IrMIDHS) 2010. Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education, 2012. http://nihr.tums.ac.ir/Images/Archive/fffe97ff-53a0-486a-871d-3a10d48f6a6b.pdf. Accessed May 11, 2015.
16
Abolhallaje M, Hasani S, Bastani P, Ramezanian M, Kazemian M. Determinants of Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(Supple1):155-160.
17
Fazaeli AA, Seyedin H, Moghaddam AV, et al. Fairness of Financial Contribution in Iranian Health System: Trend Analysis of National Household Income and Expenditure, 2003-2010. Glob J Health Sci. 2015;7(5):260.
18
Hajizadeh M, Nghiem HS. Out-of-pocket expenditures for hospital care in Iran: who is at risk of incurring catastrophic payments? Int J Health Care Finance Econ. 2011;11(4):267-285.
19
Statistical center of Iran. Iran National Health Accounts, 2002-2008. https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/topics/sna/hesab_salamat.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2015. Published 2011.
20
Kavosi Z, Keshtkaran A, Hayati R, Ravangard R, Khammarnia M. Household financial contribution to the health System in Shiraz, Iran in 2012. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(5):243-249. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.87
21
Daneshkohan A, Karami M, Najafi F, Matin BK. Household catastrophic health expenditure. Iran J Public Health. 2011;40(1):94-99.
22
Iran National Institute of Health Research. Monitoring of Health Sector Evolution Plan, Report 1. http://nihr.tums.ac.ir/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/file3.pdf. Accessed August 8, 2015. Published September 2014.
23
Moradi-Lakeh M, Ramezani M, Naghavi M. Equality in safe delivery and its determinants in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2007;10(4):446-451.
24
Nekoeimoghadam M, Esfandiari A, Ramezani F, Amiresmaili M. Informal payments in healthcare: a case study of Kerman province in Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2013;1(2):157-162. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2013.28
25
Hajizadeh M, Connelly LB. Equity of health care financing in Iran. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14672. Accessed August 21, 2015. Published 2009.
26
Hajizadeh M, Connelly LB. Equity of health care financing in Iran: the effect of extending health insurance to the uninsured. Oxf Dev Stud. 2010;38(4):461-476.
27
Iran National Institute of Health Research. Monitoring of Health Sector Evolution Plan, Reports 3. http://nihr.tums.ac.ir/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Satisfaction-3.pdf. Accessed August 8, 2015. Published winter 2015.
28
Hashemi B, Baratloo A, Forouzafar MM, Motamedi M, Tarkhorani M. Patient Satisfaction Before and After Executing Health Sector Evolution Plan. Iran J Emerg Med. 2015;2(3).
29
Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, General Directorate of Economic Statistics. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers - Esfand 1393 (February 20 – March 20, 2015) (1390=100). http://www.cbi.ir/category/1611.aspx. Accessed May 10, 2015. Published April 2015.
30
Lankarani KB, Ghahramani S, Zakeri M, Joulaei H. Lessons learned from national health accounts in Iran: highlighted evidence for policymakers. Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2015;16(4):e27868.
31
Kavosi Z, Rashidian A, Pourreza A, et al. Inequality in household catastrophic health care expenditure in a low-income society of Iran. Health Policy Plan. 2012;27(7):613-623. doi:10.1093/heapol/czs001
32
Wagstaff A. Reflections on and alternatives to WHO’s fairness of financial contribution index. Health Econ. 2002;11(2):103-115.
33
Reeves A, Gourtsoyannis Y, Basu S, McCoy D, McKee M, Stuckler D. Financing universal health coverage--effects of alternative tax structures on public health systems: cross-national modelling in 89 low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Lond Engl. 2015;386(9990):274-280. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60574-8
34
Yates R. Universal health coverage: progressive taxes are key. Lancet Lond Engl. 2015;386(9990):227-229. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60868-6
35
Karimi Petanlar S, Gilak MT, Samimi AJ, Aminkhaki A. An Estimation of Tax Evasion in Iran. J Econ Behav Stud. 2011;3(1):8-12.
36
Forghani A. Cash on the Health Sector Evolution Plan. Alef Post Code 271691. http://alef.ir/vdcdnf0xfyt0596.2a2y.html?271691. Accessed August 15, 2015. Published May 2015.
37
Fazel I. Letter of the President of the Iranian Association of Surgeons (Dr. Iraj Fazel) to the Minister of Health. http://nemc.ir/news.php?extend.746. Accessed August 21, 2015. Published November 2014.
38
Health sector evolution plan and increasing objections of the nurses community. http://www.ilna.ir/. Accessed August 21, 2015.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Navigating Between Stealth Advocacy and Unconscious Dogmatism: The Challenge of Researching the Norms, Politics and Power of Global Health
Global health research is essentially a normative undertaking: we use it to propose policies that ought to be implemented. To arrive at a normative conclusion in a logical way requires at least one normative premise, one that cannot be derived from empirical evidence alone. But there is no widely accepted normative premise for global health, and the actors with the power to set policies may use a different normative premise than the scholars that propose policies – which may explain the ‘implementation gap’ in global health. If global health scholars shy away from the normative debate – because it requires normative premises that cannot be derived from empirical evidence alone – they not only mislead each other, they also prevent and stymie debate on the role of the powerhouses of global health, their normative premises, and the rights and wrongs of these premises. The humanities and social sciences are better equipped – and less reluctant – to approach the normative debate in a scientifically valid manner, and ought to be better integrated in the interdisciplinary research that global health research is, or should be.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3043_97f33b2c010917d3626e0df796cba963.pdf
2015-10-01
641
644
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.116
Global Health
Humanities
Social Sciences
Norms
Politics
Power
Gorik
Ooms
gorik.ooms@lshtm.ac.uk
1
Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bruen C, Brugha R. A ghost in the machine? Politics in global health policy. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(1):1-4. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.59
1
Kevany S. Global health diplomacy: a ‘Deus ex Machina’ for international development and relations; Comment on “A ghost in the machine? Politics in global health policy”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(2):111-112. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.67
2
Harmer A. Democracy – the real ‘ghost’ in the machine of global health policy; Comment on “A ghost in the machine? Politics in global health policy”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(3):149-150. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.75
3
McCoy D, Singh G. A spanner in the works? anti-politics in global health policy; Comment on “A ghost in the machine? Politics in global health policy”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(3):151-153. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.77
4
Brugha R, Bruen C. Politics matters: A response to recent commentaries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(3):157-158. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.80
5
Shiffman J. Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(6):297-299. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.120
6
Brown GW. Knowledge, politics and power in global health; Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014; 4(2):111-113. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.20
7
Engebretsen E, Heggen K. Powerful concepts in global health; Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014; 4(2):115-117. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.19
8
Hanefeld J, Walt G. Knowledge and networks – key sources of power in global health; Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;4(2):119-121.doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.25
9
Lee K. Revealing power in truth; Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;4(4):257-259. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.42
10
Rushton S. The politics of researching global health politics: Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015; 4(5):311-314. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.42
11
Levine RE.Power in global health agenda-setting: The role of private funding; Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(5):315-317. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.51
12
Grépin KA. Power and priorities: the growing pains of global health: Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health”.Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(5):321-322. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.48
13
Yamey G, Feachem R. Evidence-based policymaking in global health – the payoffs and pitfalls. Evid Based Med 2011;16(4):97-99. doi:10.1136/ebm.2011.100060
14
Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health, Division of Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine. The Future of Public Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1988.
15
Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, et al. Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet 2009;373(9679):1993-1995. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60332-9
16
Beaglehole R, Bonita R. What is Global Health? Glob Health Action. 2010;3:5142.
17
Kickbush I. The need for a European strategy on global health. Scand J Public Health. 2006;34(6):561-565. doi:10.1080/14034940600973059
18
Denny C, Emanuel E. US health aid beyond PEPFAR: The mother & child campaign. JAMA 2008;300(17):2048-2051. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.556
19
Haines A, Kuruvilla S, Borchert M. Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82(10):724-732.
20
Ooms G. From international health to global health: how to foster a better dialogue between empirical and normative disciplines. BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2014;14:36. doi:10.1186/s12914-014-0036-5
21
Kagan J. The Three Cultures: Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and the Humanities in the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Validating and Determining the Weight of Items Used for Evaluating Clinical Governance Implementation Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process Model
Background The purpose of implementing a system such as Clinical Governance (CG) is to integrate, establish and globalize distinct policies in order to improve quality through increasing professional knowledge and the accountability of healthcare professional toward providing clinical excellence. Since CG is related to change, and change requires money and time, CG implementation has to be focused on priority areas that are in more dire need of change. The purpose of the present study was to validate and determine the significance of items used for evaluating CG implementation. Methods The present study was descriptive-quantitative in method and design. Items used for evaluating CG implementation were first validated by the Delphi method and then compared with one another and ranked based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. Results The items that were validated for evaluating CG implementation in Iran include performance evaluation, training and development, personnel motivation, clinical audit, clinical effectiveness, risk management, resource allocation, policies and strategies, external audit, information system management, research and development, CG structure, implementation prerequisites, the management of patients’ non-medical needs, complaints and patients’ participation in the treatment process. The most important items based on their degree of significance were training and development, performance evaluation, and risk management. The least important items included the management of patients’ non-medical needs, patients’ participation in the treatment process and research and development. Conclusion The fundamental requirements of CG implementation included having an effective policy at national level, avoiding perfectionism, using the expertise and potentials of the entire country and the coordination of this model with other models of quality improvement such as accreditation and patient safety.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3007_1d01cefe715ea3c01ec63344f21ef242.pdf
2015-10-01
645
651
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.79
Validating
Evaluation
Implementation
Clinical Governance (CG)
Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP)
Elaheh
Hooshmand
houshmande@mums.ac.ir
1
Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Health and Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Sogand
Tourani
sogandtourani@yahoo.com
2
Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Ravaghi
ravaghih@gmail.com
3
School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Vafaee Najar
vafaeea@mums.ac.ir
4
Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Health and Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Marziye
Meraji
merajim1@mums.ac.ir
5
Department of Medical Records and Health Information Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Hossein
Ebrahimipour
ebrahimipourh@mums.ac.ir
6
Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Health and Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of Quality Assurance Strategies in Diagnostics and Clinical Support Services in Iranian Hospitals
Background Iran has a widespread diagnostics and clinical support services (DCSS) network that plays a crucial role in providing diagnostic and clinical support services to both inpatient and outpatient care. However, very little is known on the application of quality assurance (QA) policies in DCSS units. This study explores the extent of application of eleven QA strategies in DCSS units within Iranian hospitals and its association with hospital characteristics. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009/2010. Data were collected from 554 DCSS units among 84 hospitals. Results The average reported application rate for the QA strategies ranged from 57%-94% in the DCSS units. Most frequently reported were checking drugs expiration dates (94%), pharmacopoeia availability (92%), equipment calibration (87%) and identifying responsibilities (86%). Least reported was external auditing of the DCSS (57%). The clinical chemistry and microbiology laboratories (84%), pharmacies, blood bank services (83%) reported highest average application rates across all questioned QA strategies. Lowest application rates were reported in human tissue banks (50%). There was no significant difference between the reported application rates in DCSS in the general/specialized, teaching/research, nonteaching/research hospitals with the exception of pharmacies and radiology departments. They reported availability of a written QA plan significantly more often in research hospitals. Nearly all QA strategies were reported to be applied significantly more often in the DCSS of Social Security Organization (SSO) and private-for-profit hospitals than in governmental hospitals. Conclusion There is still room for strengthening the managerial cycle of QA systems and accountability in the DCSS in Iranian hospitals. Getting feedback, change and learning through application of specific QA strategies (eg, external/internal audits) can be improved. Both the effectiveness of QA strategies in practice, and the application of these strategies in outpatient DCSS units require further policy attention.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3028_9b090d288de1960946aa193a6905c693.pdf
2015-10-01
653
661
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.96
Quality Assurance (QA) Strategy
Quality Improvement
Diagnostics and Clinical Support
Services (DCSS)
Hospital, Iran
Asgar
Aghaei Hashjin
asgar_aghaeihashjin@yahoo.com
1
Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
LEAD_AUTHOR
Dionne
Kringos
d.s.kringos@amc.uva.nl
2
Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Hamid
Ravaghi
ravaghih@gmail.com
3
Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Services Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Jila
Manoochehri
manoochehrij@yahoo.com
4
Department of Quality Improvement, Tehran Heart Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan Abolghasem
Gorji
hgorji@tums.ac.ir
5
Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Services Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Niek
Klazinga
n.s.klazinga@amc.uva.nl
6
Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Peeling RW, Smith PG, Bossuyt PM. A guide for diagnostic evaluations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(12)S2-S6. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1522
1
The free dictionary website. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ clinical+support+service. Accessed March 7, 2014.
2
Dubois RW, Brook RH. Preventable deaths: who, how often, and why? Ann Intern Med. 1988;109(7):582-589. Doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-7-582
3
Brook RH, Kamberg CJ, Mayer-Oakes A, Beers MH, Raube K, Steiner A. Appropriateness of acute medical care for the elderly: an analysis of the literature. Health Policy 1990;14(3):225-242. Doi:10.1016/0168-8510(90)90037-e
4
Leape LL. Error in medicine. JAMA. 1994;272(23):1851-1857. Doi:10.1001/jama.272.23.1851
5
Institute of Medicine (IOM). To Err Is Human. Washington DC:National Academy Press;2000.
6
Quality assurance of laboratory test results at the medical research institute. http://www.mri.gov.lk/en/news/quality-assurance-of-laboratory-test-results-at-the-medical-research-institute-we-maintain-quality-and-others-to-follow/. Accessed July 20, 2013.
7
Patient safety. World Health Organization website. http://www.emro.who.int/entity/patient-safety. Accessed June 7, 2013.
8
Newman-Toker DE, Pronovost PJ. Diagnostic errors—the next frontier for patient safety. JAMA 2009;301:1060-1062. Doi:10.1001/jama.2009.249
9
World Health Organization (WHO). Quality Assurance in Health Laboratory Services: A Status Report. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2003.
10
Quality Control in a Virology Laboratory. http://virology-online.com/general/QualityControl.htm. Accessed July 13, 2014.
11
10 facts on Patient Safety. World Health Organization website. http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/patient_safety/en/. Accessed January 6, 2014.
12
Hajia M,Safadel N, Mirab Samiee S, et al. Quality Assurance Program for Molecular Medicine Laboratories. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(Supple 1):119-124.
13
Safadel N, Dahim P, Anjarani S, et al. Challenges of implementing iranian national laboratory standards. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42:125-128.
14
Dargahi H, Khosravi SH. Hospitals pharmacy quality assurance system assessment in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2010;39(4):102-113.
15
Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME). The act of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Parliament on National Health. Tehran:MoHME;1995.
16
Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO, Health Systems Profile- Islamic Republic of Iran, 2006. World Health Organization website. http://gis.emro.who.int/HealthSystemObservatory/PDF/Iran/Full%20Profile.pdf. Accessed May 2, 2014.
17
18. Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO) website. http://www.ibto.ir/HomePage.aspx?Lang=en-US&site=ibto&tabid=1. Accessed February 25, 2014.
18
Aghaei Hashjin A, Delgoshaei B, Kringos DS, Tabibi SJ, Manoochehri J, Klazinga NS. Implementation of hospital quality assurance policies in Iran: balancing the role of licensing, annual evaluation, inspections and quality management systems. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2015;28(4):1-15. doi:10.1108/IJHCQA-03-2014-0034
19
The Inter-country Workshop on Quality Assurance of Laboratory Diagnosis for Malaria, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 2001. World Health Organization. http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/who_em_mal_269_e_l_en.pdf
20
Hospital wide quality assurance, NEC Healthcare Display Solutions, Featuring GammaCompMD QA with QAXRAY Module. http://www.nec-display-solutions.com. Accessed October 3, 2013.
21
Marquis project. http://www.marquis.be. Accessed 10 November 10, 2007.
22
Marquis questionnaire. http://www.marquis.be. Accessed November 15, 2007.
23
Aghaei Hashjin A, Kringos DS, Manoochehri J, Ravaghi H, Klazinga NS. Implementation of patient safety and patient-centeredness strategies in Iranian hospitals. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108831. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108831
24
Aghaei Hashjin A, Ravaghi H, Kringos DS, et al. Using Quality Measures for Quality Improvement: The Perspective of Hospital Staff. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086014
25
Monograph on the internet. Anonymous Encouraging pharmacy staff to develop their audit and research skills pays dividends, 2009. www.pharmacy.org.uk.
26
Ronsmans C. What is the evidence for the role of audits to improve the quality of obstetric care. http://www.jsieurope.org/safem/collect/safem/pdf/s2939e/s2939e.pdf. Accessed March 6, 2014.
27
Zargarzadeh AH. Medication Safety in Iran. J Pharm Care 2013;1(4):125-126.
28
Ravaghi H, Abolhassani N, Dahim P, Shaarbafchi N, Anjarani N, Safadel N. Assessors’ attitudes toward and experiences of national quality standards: a qualitative study in Iran. Accred Qual Assur. 2014;19:301-305. doi:10.1007/s00769-014-1060-9
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Are Sexual and Reproductive Health Policies Designed for All? Vulnerable Groups in Policy Documents of Four European Countries and Their Involvement in Policy Development
Background Health policies are important instruments for improving population health. However, experience suggests that policies designed for the whole population do not always benefit the most vulnerable. Participation of vulnerable groups in the policy-making process provides an opportunity for them to influence decisions related to their health, and also to exercise their rights. This paper presents the findings from a study that explored how vulnerable groups and principles of human rights are incorporated into national sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policies of 4 selected countries (Spain, Scotland, Republic of Moldova, and Ukraine). It also aimed at discussing the involvement of vulnerable groups in SRH policy development from the perspective of policymakers. Methods Literature review, health policy analysis and 5 semi-structured interviews with policy-makers were carried out in this study. Content analysis of SRH policies was performed using the EquiFrame analytical framework. Results The study revealed that vulnerable groups and core principles of human rights are differently addressed in SRH policies within 4 studied countries. The opinions of policy-makers on the importance of mentioning vulnerable groups in policy documents and the way they ought to be mentioned varied, but they agreed that a clear definition of vulnerability, practical examples, and evidences on health status of these groups have to be included. In addition, different approaches to vulnerable group’s involvement in policy development were identified during the interviews and the range of obstacles to this process was discussed by respondents. Conclusion Incorporation of vulnerable groups in the SRH policies and their involvement in policy development were found to be important in addressing SRH of these groups and providing an opportunity for them to advocate for equal access to healthcare and exercise their rights. Future research on this topic should include representatives of vulnerable communities which could help to build a dialogue and present the problem from multiple perspectives.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3078_44e43b7d42cd720ed8982ea4dfd8883d.pdf
2015-10-01
663
671
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.148
Sexual and reproductive health
Health Policy
Vulnerable Groups
Participation
policy development
Europe
Olena
Ivanova
olena.ivanova@ugent.be
1
International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tania
Dræbel
tdr@sund.ku.dk
2
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Department of International Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
AUTHOR
Siri
Tellier
stellier@sund.ku.dk
3
School of Global Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
AUTHOR
Aday LA. At Risk in America: The Health and Health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2002.
1
Chatterjee CB, Sheoran G. Vulnerable Groups in India. Mumbai, India: Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes; 2007.
2
World Health Organization (WHO). The Right to Health Fact Sheet No. 31. Geneva:WHO; 2008.
3
Grear A, Fineman MA. Vulnerability: Reflections on a New Ethical Foundation for Law and Politics. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd; 2014.
4
Economic U, Council S. General comment no. 14: the Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12 of the Covenant). Geneva: UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; 2000.
5
VanRooy G, Amadhila E, Mannan H, McVeigh J, MacLachlan M, Amin M. Core concepts of human rights and inclusion of vulnerable groups in the Namibian Policy on Orthopaedic Technical Services. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development. 2012;23(3):24-47. doi:10.5463/dcid.v23i3.132
6
Braveman P, Gruskin S. Defining equity in health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(4):254-258. doi:10.1136/jech.57.4.254
7
World Health Organization (WHO). The Tallinn Charter: Health Systems for Health and Wealth. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
8
Whitehead M. The concepts and principles of equity and health. Int J Health Serv. 1992;22(3):429-445. doi:10.2190/986l-lhq6-2vte-yrrn
9
World Health Organization (WHO). Health 2020: a European policy framework supporting action across government and society for health and well-being. Geneva: WHO, Proceedings of Regional Committee for Europe; 2012:10-13.
10
Cottingham J, Kismodi E, Hilber AM, Lincetto O, Stahlhofer M, Gruskin S. Using human rights for sexual and reproductive health: improving legal and regulatory frameworks. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(7):551-555. doi:10.2471/blt.09.063412
11
World Health Organization (WHO). Community participation in local health and sustainable development: Approaches and techniques. Geneva: WHO; 2002.
12
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Making Reproductive Rights and Sexual and Reproductive Health a Reality for All. UNFPA; 2008.
13
World Health Organization (WHO). Reproductive Health Strategy to Accelerate Progress Towards the Attainment of International Development Goals and Targets. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
14
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Regional Strategy on Sexual and Reproductive Health: Reproductive Health/Pregnancy Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; 2001.
15
Colombini M, Mayhew SH, Rechel B. Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs and Access to Services for Vulnerable Groups in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. New York: UNFPA; 2011.
16
Mannan H, Amin M, MacLachlan M, Consortium E. The EquiFrame Manual. Dublin: The Global Health Press; 2011.
17
Stowe MJ, Turnbull HR. Tools for Analyzing Policy "on the Books" and Policy "on the Streets". J Disabil Policy Stud. 2001;12(3):206-216. doi:10.1177/104420730101200306
18
19. Amin M, MacLachlan M, Mannan H, et al. EquiFrame: a framework for analysis of the inclusion of human rights and vulnerable groups in health policies. Health Hum Rights. 2011;13(2):1-20.
19
Mannan H, Eltayeb S, Maclachlan M, et al. Core concepts of human rights and inclusion of vulnerable groups in the mental health policies of Malawi, Namibia, and Sudan. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2013;7(1):7. doi:10.1186/1752-4458-7-7
20
Rodriguez-Garcia R, Russell J. Legislation and policy for adolescent health in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1999;5(2):12-17.
21
Gilson L. Health Policy and Systems Research: a Methodology Reader. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
22
Schopper D, Lormand JD. Developing Policies to Prevent Injuries and Violence. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
23
Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277-1288. doi:10.1177/1049732305276687
24
Schneider M, Eide AH, Amin M, MacLachlan M, Mannan H. Inclusion of vulnerable groups in health policies: Regional policies on health priorities in Africa. African Journal of Disability. 2013;2(1):9. doi:10.4102/ajod.v2i1.40
25
Hamburg DA. Habits for health. Paper presented at: World health forum; 1987.
26
Labonte R. Community empowerment: the need for political analysis. Can J Public Health 1988;80(2):87-91.
27
Zakus JDL, Lysack CL. Revisiting community participation. Health Policy Plan. 1998;13(1):1-12. doi:10.1093/heapol/13.1.1
28
Richmond JB, Kotelchuck M. Co-ordination and development of strategies and policy for public health promotion in the United States. In: Walter W. Holland WW, Detels R, Knox G, eds. Oxford Textbook of Public Health. Oxford (UK). Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications; 1991:441-454.
29
Hinkel J. “Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: Towards a clarification of the science–policy interface. Glob Environ Change. 2011;21(1):198-208.
30
Mutua M. Change in the Human Rights Universe. Harv Hum Rts J. 2007;20:3.
31
Mutua M. Human rights in Africa: the limited promise of liberalism. Afr Stud Rev. 2008;51(1):17-39. doi:10.1353/arw.0.0031
32
Alwang J, Siegel PB, Jorgensen SL. Vulnerability: a view from different disciplines: Social protection discussion paper series; 2001.
33
Braveman P, Gruskin S. Poverty, equity, human rights and health. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(7):539-545.
34
Flaskerud JH, Winslow BJ. Conceptualizing vulnerable populations health-related research. Nurs Res. 1998;47(2):69-78. doi:10.1097/00006199-199803000-00005
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sustaining Health for Wealth: Perspectives for the Post-2015 Agenda; Comment on “Improving the World’s Health Through the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Perspectives From Rwanda”
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) offer a unique opportunity for policy-makers to build on the millennium development goals (MDGs) by adopting more sustainable approaches to addressing global development challenges. The delivery of health services is of particular concern. Most African countries are unlikely to achieve the health MDGs, however, significant progress has been made particularly in the area of child and maternal health due in part to significant external support. The weak global recovery, and persistent inequalities in access to healthcare, however, call into question the sustainability of the achievements made. Building on the principles articulated in Binagwaho and Scott, this commentary argues that addressing inequalities and promoting more integrated approaches to health service delivery is vital for consolidating and sustaining the health sector achievements in Africa.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3039_126e0e3467bdb7084d941f46ee72494d.pdf
2015-10-01
673
675
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.112
Health Systems
Sustainability
Africa
Income and Spatial Inequalities
Vertical Programmes
Bartholomew
Armah
barmah@uneca.org
1
Renewal of Planning Section, Macroeconomic Policy Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Binagwaho A, Scott KW. Improving the world’s health through the post-2015 development agenda: Perspectives from Rwanda. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(4):203-205. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.46
1
United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). Millennium Development Goals indicators database. http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx. Accessed March 5, 2015.
2
World Health Organization (WHO). World Malaria Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2014.
3
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The State of the World’s Midwifery 2014: A Universal Pathway. A Woman’s Right to Health. http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy. Accessed March 9, 2015. Published 2014.
4
Dunkle KL, Jewkes RK, Brown HC, Gray GE, McIntryre JA, Harlow SD. Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa. Lancet. 2004;363(9419):1415-1421. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16098-4
5
Vlahov D, Freudenberg N, Proietti F, et al. Urban as a determinant of health. J Urban Health. 2007;84(3 Suppl):i16-i26.
6
UN Habitat. Planning And Design For Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report On Human Settlements 2013. UN Habitat; 2013.
7
The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). “Skilled Attendant at Birth”, United Nations Children’s Fund. www.childinfo.org/delivery_care_countrydata.php.UpdatedJanuary 2013.
8
United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). The GAP Report. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2014.
9
Kendall T, Bärnighausen T, Fawzi WW, Langer A. Towards comprehensive women's healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa: addressing intersections between HIV, reproductive and maternal health. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(suppl 4):S169-S172. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000382
10
Berer M. HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health: intersections and implications for national programmes. Health Policy Plan. 2004;19(suppl 1):i62-i70.
11
Chen L, Evans T, Anand S, et al. Human resources for health: overcoming the crisis. Lancet. 2004;364(9449):1984-1990.
12
Burki T. Prioritizing Clean Water and Sanitation. Lancet. 2015;15(2):153-154. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70012-5
13
African Union Commission, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Assessing progress in Africa towards the Millennium Development Goals: Emerging perspectives from Africa on the post-2015 development agenda; 2012.
14
Mills A. Vertical vs horizontal health programmes in Africa: idealism, pragmatism, resources and efficiency. Soc Sci Med. 1983;17(24):1971-81.
15
Global Fund. http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/about/fundingspending/#disbursed. Accessed April 27, 2015.
16
Government of the Republic of Zambia. Zambia National Malaria Indicator Survey. Zambia: Ministry of Health; 2008.
17
Government of the Republic of Zambia. Zambia National Malaria Indicator Survey. Zambia: Ministry of Health; 2010.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Why Good Quality Care Needs Philosophy More Than Compassion; Comment on “Why and How Is Compassion Necessary to Provide Good Quality Healthcare?”
Although Marianna Fotaki’s Editorial is helpful and challenging by looking at both the professional and institutional requirements for reinstalling compassion in order to aim for good quality healthcare, the causes that hinder this development remain unexamined. In this commentary, 3 causes are discussed; the boundary between the moral and the political; Neoliberalism; and the underdevelopment of reflection on the nature of care. A plea is made for more philosophical reflection on the nature of care and its implications in healthcare education.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3050_9e9362646dc53d374aafd8aef202b514.pdf
2015-10-01
677
679
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.122
Compassion
Care Ethics
Neoliberalism
Political
Carlo
Leget
c.leget@uvh.nl
1
Ethics of Care, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, The Netherlands
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fotaki M. Why and how is compassion necessary to provide good quality healthcare? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(4):199–201. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.66
1
Tronto J. Moral Boundaries. An Ethic of Care. New York: Routledge; 1993.
2
Grit K, Dolfsma W. The dynamics of the Dutch health care system. A discourse analysis. Rev Soc Econ. 2002;60(3):377-401. doi:10.1080/0034676021000013377
3
Hochchild A. The Managed Heart: The Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: The University of California Press; 1983.
4
Brown W. Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy. Theory and Event.2003;7:1. doi:10.1353/tae.2003.0020
5
Brugère F. Care and its political effects. In: Olthuis G, Kohlen H, Heier J, eds. Moral Boundaries Redrawn: The Significance of Joan Tronto’s Argument for Political Theory, Professional Ethics and Care as Practice. Leuven: Peeters; 2004:73-90.
6
Housset E. L’intelligence de la pitié: phenomenologie de la communauté. Paris: Cerf; 2003.
7
Randall F, Downie RS. The Philosophy of Palliative Care. Critique and Reconstruction. Oxford: University Press; 2006.
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Imagined in Policy, Inscribed on Bodies: Defending an Ethic of Compassion in a Political Context; Comment on “Why and How Is Compassion Necessary to Provide Good Quality Healthcare?”
In response to the International Journal of Health Policy and Management (IJHPM)editorial, this commentary adds to the debate about ethical dimensions of compassionate care in UK service provision. It acknowledges the importance of the original paper, and attempts to explore some of the issues that are raised in the context of nursing practice, research and education. It is argued that each of these fields of the profession are enacted in an escalating culture of corporatism, be that National Health Service (NHS) or university campus, and global neoliberalism. Post-structuralist ideas, notably those of Foucault, are borrowed to interrogate healthcare as discursive practice and disciplinary knowledge; where an understanding of the ways in which power and language operate is prominent. Historical and contemporary evidence of institutional and ideological degradation of sections of humanity, a ‘history of the present,’ serve as reminders of the import, and fragility, of ethical codes.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3053_a75933119c60e76d45379e0c884910de.pdf
2015-10-01
681
683
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.125
Compassion
Ethics
Nursing
Health Politics
Neoliberalism
Austerity
Human Rights
Dave
Mercer
dmercer@liverpool.ac.uk
1
School of Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fotaki M. Why and how is compassion necessary to provide good quality healthcare? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(4):199-201. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.66
1
O’Farrell C. Michel Foucault. London: Sage; 2005.
2
Cameron D. Working with Spoken Discourse. London: Sage; 2001.
3
Fairclough N. Language and Power. 2nd ed. London: Longman; 2001.
4
Wood LA, Kroger RO. doing Discourse Analysis: Methods for Studying Action in Talk and Text. London, Sage; 2000.
5
Potter J, Wetherell M. Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage; 1987.
6
Delamothe T. NHS at 60: Founding principles. BMJ. 2008;336(7655):1216-1218. doi:10.1136/bmj.39582.501192.94
7
Pollock AM, Price D. The final frontier: The UK’s new coalition government turns the English National Health Service over to the global health care market. Health Soc Rev. 2011;20(3):294-305. doi:10.5172/hesr.2011.20.3.294
8
De Vogli R. Neoliberal globalisation and health in a time of economic crisis. Soc Theory Health. 2011;9(4):311-325. doi:10.1057/sth.2011.16
9
Player S, Pollock AM. Long-term care: From public responsibility to private good. Crit Soc Policy. 2001;21(2):231-255. doi:10.1177/026101830102100204
10
Stuckler D, Basu S. The Body Economic: Eight Experiments in Economic Recovery, From Iceland to Greece. London: Penguin; 2014.
11
Stuckler D. The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills. Presented as Eleanor Rathbone Public Lecture Series; 15 April, 2015; Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, School of Law and Social Justice.
12
Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). The code: Professional Standards of Practice and Behaviour for Nurses and Midwives. London: NMC; 2015:4.
13
Webber F. One nation: But whose? http://www.irr.org.uk/news/one-nation-but-whose/. Accessed May 22, 2015. Published May 20, 2015.
14
McKie A. ‘The demolition of man’: Lessons from the holocaust literature for the teaching of nursing ethics. Nurs Ethics. 2004;11:138-149. doi:10.1191/0969733004ne679oa
15
Benedict S, Caplan A, Lafrenz Page T. Duty and ‘euthanasia’: The nurses of Meseritz-Obrawalde. Nurs Ethics. 2007;14:781-794. doi:10.1177/0969733007082118
16
Seeman MV. Psychiatry in the Nazi era. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;50:208-224.
17
Friedlander H. Registering the handicapped in Nazi Germany: a case study. Jewish History. 1997;11:89-98. doi:10.1007/bf02335679
18
Michalsen A, Reinhart K. ‘Euthanasia’: A confusing term, abused under the Nazi regime and misused in present end-of-life debate. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(9):1304-1310. doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0256-9
19
Garland D. What is a ‘history of the present’? On Foucault’s genealogies and their critical preconditions. Punishment and Society. 2014;16(4):365-384. doi:10.1177/1462474514541711
20
McKeown M, Mercer D. Mental health care and resistance to fascism. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2010;17:152-161. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01489.x
21
Benedict S, Kuhla J. Nurses’ participation in the euthanasia programs of Nazi Germany. West J Nurs Res. 1999;21(2):246-263. doi:10.1177/01939459922043749
22
Blom-Cooper L, Brown M, Dolan R, Murphy E. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Complaints about Ashworth Hospital. London: HMSO; 1992.
23
Fallon P, Bluglass R, Edwards B, Daniels G. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital. London: HMSO; 1999.
24
Mercer D, Perkins E. Theorising sexual media and sexual violence in a forensic setting: Men’s talk about pornography and offending. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2014;37(2):174-182. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.11.003
25
Mercer D. Girly mags and girly jobs: Pornography and gendered inequality in forensic practice. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2013;22(1):15-23. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00837.x
26
Georges JM. The politics of suffering: Implications for nursing science. Adv Nurs Sci. 2004;27:250-256. doi:10.1097/00012272-200410000-00002
27
Ben-Sefer E. Lessons from the past for contemporary Australian nursing students: the Nazi Euthanasia program. Nurse Educ Pract. 2006;6:31-39. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2005.06.002
28
Georges JM. An ethics of testimony: Prisoner nurses at Auschwitz. Adv Nurs Sci. 2006;29:161-169. doi:10.1097/00012272-200604000-00009
29
Holmes D, Rudge T, Perron A, eds. (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Settings: A Critical Approach. Surrey: Ashgate; 2012.
30
Holmes D, Jacob JD, Perron A, eds. Power and the Psychiatric Apparatus: Repression, Transformation and Assistance. Surrey: Ashgate; 2014.
31
Jacob JD, Perron A, Holmes D. Introduction: unmasking the psychiatric apparatus. In: Holmes D, Jacob JD, Perron A, eds. Power and the Psychiatric Apparatus: Repression, Transformation and Assistance. Surrey: Ashgate; 2014:1.
32
Foucault M. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books; 1977.
33
Baillie L, Gallagher A. Respecting dignity in care in diverse care settings: strategies of UK nurses. Int J Nurs Pract. 2001;17(4):336-341. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172x.2011.01944.x
34
Spandler H, Stickley T. No hope without compassion: The importance of compassion in recovery-focused mental health services. J Ment Health. 2011;20(6):555-566. doi:10.3109/09638237.2011.583949
35
Baillie L, Ford P, Gallagher A, Wainright P. Nurses’ views on dignity in care. Nurs Older People. 2009;21(8):22-29.
36
Department of Health (DOH). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry (The Francis Report). London, Stationery Office; 2013.
37
Flynn M, Mercer D. Is compassion possible in a market-led NHS? Nurs Times. 2013;109(7):12-14.
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
“Horses for Courses”; Comment on “Translating Evidence Into Healthcare Policy and Practice: Single Versus Multi-Faceted Implementation Strategies – Is There a Simple Answer to a Complex Question?”
This commentary considers the vexed question of whether or not we should be spending time and resources on using multifaceted interventions to undertake implementation of evidence in healthcare. A review of systematic reviews has suggested that simple interventions may be just as effective as those taking a multifaceted approach. Taking cognisance of the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework this commentary takes account of the evidence, context and facilitation factors in undertaking implementation. It concludes that a ‘horses for courses’ approach is necessary meaning that the specific implementation approach should be selected to fit the implementation task in hand whether it be a single or multifaceted approach and reviewed on an individual basis.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3054_7658f62aba3bcac018164fa6c8e00401.pdf
2015-10-01
685
686
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.127
Implementation
Evidence
Context
Facilitation
Multifaceted Interventions
Joyce E.
Wilkinson
j.e.wilkinson@stir.ac.uk
1
School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling Scotland, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Helen
Frost
helen.frost@stir.ac.uk
2
Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professionals Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling Scotland, UK
AUTHOR
Pettigrew AM. The Awakening Giant: Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; 1985.
1
Harvey G, Kitson A. Translating evidence into healthcare policy and practice: Single versus multi-faceted implementation strategies – is there a simple answer to a complex question? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4:123-126. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.54
2
Squires J, Sullivan K, Eccles M, Worswick J, Grimshaw J. Are multifaceted interventions more effective than single- component interventions in changing health-care professionals’ behaviours? Implement Sci. 2014; 9:152. doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0152-6
3
Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ. 2014;348:g1687. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1687
4
Petticrew M. Time to rethink the systematic review catechism? Moving from 'what works' to 'what happens'. Syst Rev. 2015;4:36. doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0027-1
5
Nilsen P. Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Implement Sci. 2015;10:53. doi:10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0
6
Davidoff F, Dixon-Woods M, Leviton L, et al. Demystifying theory and its use in improvement. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24(3):228-238. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003627
7
Kitson A, Harvey G, McCormack B. Enabling the implementation of evidence based practice: a conceptual framework. Qual Health Care. 1998;7:149-159.
8
Rycroft-Malone J, Kitson A, Harvey G, et al. Ingredients for change: revisiting a conceptual framework. Qual Saf Healthcare. 2002;11:174-180.
9
Kitson A, Rycroft-Malone J, Harvey G, McCormack B, Seers K, Titchen A. Evaluating the successful implementation of evidence into practice using the PARIHS framework: theoretical and practical challenges. Implement Sci. 2008;3:1. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-3-1
10
Harvey G, Loftus-Hills A, Rycroft-Malone J, et al. Getting evidence into practice: the role and function of facilitation. J Adv Nurs. 2002;37:577-588.
11
Bate P. Perspectives on Context: Context Is Everything. London: The Health Foundation; 2014
12
Carlile PR. A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: boundary objects in new product development. Organ Sci 2002;13:442-455. doi:10.1287/orsc.13.4.442.2953
13
Ward V, Smith S, House A, Hamer S. Exploring knowledge exchange: A useful framework for policy and practice. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(3):297-304.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Wolves and Big Yellow Taxis: How Would Be Know If the NHS Is at Death’s Door? Comment on “Who killed the English National Health Service?”
Martin Powell suggests that the death of the English National Health Service (NHS) has been announced so many times we are at risk of not noticing should it actually happen. He is right. If we ‘cry wolf’ too many times, we risk losing sight of what is important about the NHS and why.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3059_f8c380aeb46c71dc57ee69cfa7591ae1.pdf
2015-10-01
687
689
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.124
National Health Service (NHS)
Privatisation
Public Ethos
Ian
Greener
ian.greener@abdn.ac.uk
1
School of Applied Social Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Powell M. Who killed the English National Health Service? Int J Health Policy Manag.2015;4(5):267-269. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.72
1
Pollock A. NHS plc: The Privatisation of Our Health Care. London: Verso; 2004.
2
Frey B, Osterloh M. Successful Management by Motivation: Balancing Intrinsic and Extrnsic Incentives. London: Springer; 2001.
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Seriously Implementing Health Capacity Strengthening Programs in Africa; Comment on “Implementation of a Health Management Mentoring Program: Year-1 Evaluation of Its Impact on Health System Strengthening in Zambézia Province, Mozambique”
Faced with the challenges of healthcare reform, skills and new capabilities are needed to support the reform and it is of crucial importance in Africa where shortages affects the health system resilience. Edwards et al provides a good example of the challenge of implementing a mentoring program in one province in a sub-Saharan country. From this example, various aspects of strengthening the capacity of managers in healthcare are examined based on our experience in action-training in Africa, as mentoring shares many characteristics with action-training. What practical lessons can be drawn to promote the strengthening so that managers can better intervene in complex contexts? Deeper involvement of health authorities and more rigorous approaches are seriously desirable for the proper development of health capacity strengthening programs in Africa.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3057_4fc144514b870848ab2aba2fe190f705.pdf
2015-10-01
691
693
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.130
Capacity Strengthening
Human Resources (HR) for Health
Management
Mentorship
sub-Saharan
Africa
Luis
Lapão
luis.lapao@ihmt.unl.pt
1
International Public Health and Biostatistics, WHO Collaborating Center on Health Workforce Policy and Planning, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
LEAD_AUTHOR
World Health Organization (WHO). Strategy on Health Policy and Systems Research: Changing Mindsets. Geneva: WHO; 2012.
1
Fonn S. Linking public health training and health systems development in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities for improvement and collaboration. J Public Health Policy. 2011;32:S44-S51. doi:10.1057/jphp.2011.37
2
Campbell J, Dussault G, Buchan J, et al. A Universal Truth: No Health Without a Workforce. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
3
Edwards LJ, Moisés A, Nzaramba M, et al. Implementation of a Health Management Mentoring Program: Year-1 Evaluation of Its Impact on Health System Strengthening in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(6):353-361. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.58
4
Gagliardi AR, Perrier L, Webster F, et al. Exploring mentorship as a strategy to build capacity for knowledge translation research and practice: protocol for a qualitative study. Implement Sci. 2009;4:55. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-55
5
Wyss K. An approach to classifying human resources constraints to attaining health-related Millennium Development Goals. Hum Resour Health. 2004;2(1):11.
6
Lapão LV, Dussault G. From policy to reality: clinical managers' views of the organizational challenges of primary care reform in Portugal. Int J Health Plann Manage 2012;27(4):295-307. doi:10.1002/hpm.2111
7
Strengthening the European dimension of Health Services Research. European Project Health Services Research Europe; 2013.
8
Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. 2009;4:50. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-50
9
Pawson R, Greenhalgh T, Harvey G, Walshe K. Realist review–a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2005;10:21-34. doi:10.1258/1355819054308530
10
World Health Organization (WHO). Integrated health services – what and why? http://www.who.int/healthsystems/service_delivery_techbrief1.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2015. Published 2008.
11
World Health Organization (WHO). Increasing Access to Health Workers in Remote and Rural Areas Through Improved Retention: Global Policy Recommendations. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
12
WHO/World Bank Ministerial-level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage. 18-19 February 2013; WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland.
13
Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 2010;376:1923-1958.
14
Barnett J, Vasileiou K, Djemil F, Brooks L, Young T. Understanding innovators’ experiences of barriers and facilitators in implementation and diffusion of healthcare service innovations: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:342.
15
Lapão LV, Dussault G. PACES: a national leadership program in support of primary-care reform in Portugal. Leadersh Health Serv. 2011;24:295-307.
16
Rypkema SM, Santing RC. Cooperation Between NGO's and Health Authorities at District Level: The District Health System: a Medicus Mundi Mail Survey. Nijmegen: Medicus Mundi Internationalis; 1994.
17
Conceição MC. Hospitais de primeira referência, distrito de saúde e estratégia dos cuidados de saúde primários em Moçambique [PhD theses]. Lisbon: IHMT, UNL; 2011.
18
Bossyns P, Van Lerberghe W. The weakest link: competence and prestige as constraints to referral by isolated nurses in rural Niger. Hum Resour Health. 2004;2(1):1.
19
Monteiro IP. Hospital, uma organização de profissionais. Análise Psicológica. 1999;2 (XVII):317-325.
20
Meliones J. Saving money, saving lifes. Harv Bus Rev. 2000;78(6):57-62.
21
Ramsey A, Fullop N, Edwards N. The evidence base for vertical integration in health care. Journal of Integrated Care. 2009;17(2):3-12. doi:10.1108/14769018200900009
22
Mintzberg H. Developing leaders? developing countries? Dev Pract. 2006; 16(1):4-14.
23
World Health Organization (WHO). Health topics - Primary health care. http://www.who.int/topics/primary_health_care/en/. WHO. Accessed May 20, 2015.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Slow Poisoning? Interests, Emotions, and the Strength of the English NHS; Comment on “Who Killed the English National Health Service?”
Martin Powell makes the point that the death of the National Health Service (NHS) is constantly asserted without criteria. This article suggests that the NHS is many things, which makes criteria unstable. The alignment of interests in the structure of the NHS enables both overheated rhetoric and political strength, and that pluralization of provision might actually undermine that alignment over time.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3058_6626a511a5a13fdbfe435eb9da364079.pdf
2015-10-01
695
697
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.129
National Health Service (NHS)
Politics
Social Policy
Scott
Greer
slgreer@umich.edu
1
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Powell M. Who killed the English National Health Service? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(5):267-269. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.72
1
Carswell D, Hannan D. The Plan: Twelve Months to Renew Britain. Lulu; 2008.
2
Hannan D. Direct Democracy: An Agenda for a New Model Party. Lulu; 2005.
3
Marshall P, Laws D. The Orange Book: Reclaiming Liberalism. London: Profile; 2004.
4
Glenn BJ, Teles SM. Conservatism and American political development. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.
5
Elkind A. Using metaphor to read the organisation of the NHS. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(11):1715-1727. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00251-2
6
Evans RG. Financing healthcare: taxation and the alternatives. In: Mossialos E, Dixon A, Figueras J, Kutzin J, eds. Funding healthcare: Options for Europe. Buckingham: Open University Press; 2002:31-58.
7
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
How Single Is “Single” - Some Pragmatic Reflections on Single Versus Multifaceted Interventions to Facilitate Implementation; Comment on “Translating Evidence Into Healthcare Policy and Practice: Single Versus Multifaceted Implementation Strategies – Is There a Simple Answer to a Complex Question?”
An earlier overview of systematic reviews and a subsequent editorial on single-component versus multifaceted interventions to promote knowledge translation (KT) highlight complex issues in implementation science. In this supplemented commentary, further aspects are in focus; we propose examples from (KT) studies probing the issue of single interventions. A main point is that defining what is a single and what is a multifaceted intervention can be ambiguous, depending on how the intervention is conceived. Further, we suggest additional perspectives in terms of strategies to facilitate implementation. More specifically, we argue for a need to depict not only what activities are done in implementation interventions, but to unpack functions in particular contexts, in order to support the progress of implementation science.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3061_fffadd5c469e83591dfb5db2fc044925.pdf
2015-10-01
699
701
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.133
Facilitation
Implementation
Knowledge Translation (KT)
Multifaceted Interventions
Single Interventions
Ann Catrine
Eldh
ace@du.se
1
School of Education, Health, and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
AUTHOR
Lars
Wallin
lwa@du.se
2
School of Education, Health, and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
LEAD_AUTHOR
Squires JE, Sullivan K, Eccles MP, Worswick J, Grimshaw JM. Are multifaceted interventions more effective than single-component interventions in changing health-care professionals' behaviours? An overview of systematic reviews. Implement Sci. 2014;9:152. doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0152-6
1
Harvey G, Kitson A. Translating evidence into healthcare policy and practice: Single versus multi-faceted implementation strategies - is there a simple answer to a complex question? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(3):123-126. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.54
2
Gifford WA, Davies BL, Graham ID, Tourangeau A, Woodend AK, Lefebre N. Developing leadership capacity for guideline use: a pilot cluster randomized control trial. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2013;10(1):51-65. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2012.00254.x
3
Forsetlund L, Bjørndal A, Rashidian A, et al. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2:CD003030. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003030.pub2
4
Manley K, McCormack B. Practice development: purpose, methodology, facilitation and evaluation. Nurs Crit Care. 2003;8(1):22-29.
5
Rycroft-Malone J. The PARIHS framework--a framework for guiding the implementation of evidence-based practice. J Nurs Care Qual. 2004;19(4):297-304.
6
Rycroft-Malone J, Seers K, Chandler J, et al. The role of evidence, context, and facilitation in an implementation trial: implications for the development of the PARIHS framework. Implement Sci. 2013;8:28. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-8-28
7
Persson LÅ, Nga NT, Målqvist M, et al. Effect of facilitation of local maternal-and-newborn stakeholder groups on neonatal mortality: cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2013;10(5):e1001445. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001445
8
Eriksson L, Duc DM, Eldh AC, et al. Lessons learned from stakeholders in a facilitation intervention targeting neonatal health in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:234. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-234
9
Steckler A, Linnan L, eds. Process Evaluation for Public Health Interventions and Research. San Fransisco: John Wiley & Sons; 2002.
10
Pawson R. The Science of Evaluation. A Realist Manifesto. Los Angeles: Sage; 2013.
11
Sundell K, Beelmann A, Hasson H, von Thiele Schwarz U. Novel programs, international adoptions, or contextual adaptations? meta-analytical results from German and Swedish intervention research. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1020540
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Unpacking “Health Reform” and “Policy Capacity”; Comment on “Health Reform Requires Policy Capacity”
Health reform is the outcome of dispersed policy initiatives in different sectors, at different levels and across time. Policy work which can drive coherent health reform needs to operate across the governance structures as well as the institutions that comprise healthcare systems. Building policy capacity to support health reform calls for clarity regarding the nature of such policy work and the elements of policy capacity involved; and for evidence regarding effective strategies for capacity building.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3062_08bf0fe063cfb9dc2f4b881d7c6c16ab.pdf
2015-10-01
703
705
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.135
Policy Capacity
Health Reform
Health System Governance
David
Legge
d.legge@latrobe.edu.au
1
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Deborah
Gleeson
d.gleeson@latrobe.edu.au
2
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
AUTHOR
Peters DH, El-Saharty S, Siadat B, Janovsky K, Vujicic M, eds. Improving Health Service Delivery in Developing Countries: From Evidence to Action. Washington: World Bank; 2009.
1
World Health Organization (WHO). Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Health Coverage - Plan of Action. Geneva: WHO; 2012.
2
Forest PG, Denis JL, Brown LD, Helms D. Health reform requires policy capacity. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015; 4(5): 265-266. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.85
3
World Health Organization (WHO). Everybody's Business: Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes: WHO's Framework For Action. Geneva: WHO; 2007.
4
Immergut EM. Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.
5
Lin V, Guo Y, Legge D, Wu Q, eds. Health Policy in and for China. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press; 2010.
6
Gregory R. Political rationality or 'incrementalism'. Charles Lindblom's enduring contribution to public policy making theory. Policy Polit. 1989;17:139-153.
7
Pei L, Legge D. Personnel reform in Chinese hospitals: policy interdependence and the challenge of coherent incrementalism. China Journal of Social Work. 2013;6(1):25-39. doi:10.1080/17525098.2013.766623
8
Pei L, Legge D, Stanton P. Policy contradictions limiting hospital performance in China. Policy Stud. 2000;21(2):99-113.
9
Ramesh M, Wu X, He AJ. Health governance and healthcare reforms in China. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(6):663-672. doi:10.1093/heapol/czs109
10
Lipsky M. Street Level Bureaucracy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1979.
11
Kingdon JW. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: University of Michigan; 1984.
12
Du L, Killingsworth J, Liu G, Legge D. Macroeconomics and health. In: Lin V, Guo Y, Legge D, Wu Q, eds. Health Policy in Transition: The Challenges for China. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press; 2010:350-367.
13
Cao Q, Shi L, Wang H, Dong K. Report from China: health insurance in China - evolution, current status, challenges. Int J Health Serv. 2012;42(2):177-195. doi:10.2190/HS.42.2.b
14
Rhodes R. Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Bristol Pa: Open University Press; 1997.
15
Burris S, Drahos P, Shearing C. Nodal Governance. Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy. 2005;30:30-58.
16
Gleeson D, Legge D, O'Neill D. Evaluating policy capacity: learning from international and Australian experience. Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2009;6:3. doi:10.1186/1743-8462-6-3
17
Gleeson D, Legge D, O'Neill D, Pfeffer M. Negotiating tensions in developing organizational policy capacity: Comparative lessons to be drawn. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis. 2011;13(3):237-263.
18
Adams D, Colebatch HK, Walker CK. Learning about learning: discovering the work of policy. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 2015;74(2):101-111.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Policy Capacity Meets Politics; Comment on “Health Reform Requires Policy Capacity”
It is difficult to disagree with the general argument that successful health reform requires a significant degree of policy capacity or that all players in the policy game need to move beyond self-interested advocacy. However, an overly broad definition of policy capacity is a problem. More important perhaps, health reform inevitably requires not just policy capacity but political leadership and compromise.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3063_b752183fce4ab102ca01c8116fff3740.pdf
2015-10-01
707
708
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.134
Policy Capacity
Health Reform
Leadership
Health Politics
Patrick
Fafard
patrick.fafard@globalstrategylab.org
1
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Forest PG, Denis JL, Brown LD, Helms D. Health reform requires policy capacity. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(5):265-266. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.85
1
Craft J, Howlett M. Policy formulation, governance shifts and policy influence: location and content in policy advisory systems. J Public Policy. 2012;32(2):79-98. doi:10.1017/S0143814X12000049
2
Lewis S. Some Wicked Thoughts on Nursing Leadership. Nurs Leadersh (Tor Ont). 2014;27(4):65-70. doi:10.12927/cjnl.2015.24138
3
French RD. The professors on public life. Polit Q. 2012;83(3):532-540. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02320.x
4
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cities and Health: A Response to the Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3076_69c661142a19e9a560db8e1272245f00.pdf
2015-10-01
709
710
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.149
Avoidable Mortality
Shanghai
Health System Performance
Michael
Gusmano
mig321@lehigh.edu
1
The Hasting Center, Garrison, NY, USA
AUTHOR
Victor
Rodwin
victor.rodwin@nyu.edu
2
Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Daniel
Weisz
dw2493@columbia.edu
3
The International Longevity Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
AUTHOR
Gusmano MK, Rodwin VG, Wang C, Weisz D, Lou L, Hua F. Shanghai Rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(1):7-12. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.07
1
Rodwin VG, Weisz D. Health Care in World Cities: New York, London, Paris, Tokyo. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
2
Cheng TM. Shanghai’s track record in population health status: what can explain it? Comment on “Shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4: forthcoming. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.117
3
Marmor T, Freeman R, Okma K. Comparative Perspectives and Policy Learning in the World of Health Care. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice. 2005;7(4):331-348. doi:10.1080/13876980500319253
4
Ren Y. Health improvements for a healthy shanghai rising: Comment on “Shanghai Rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(3):189-190. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.33.
5
Yip P, Chen M. What really matters: living longer or living healthier? Comment on “Shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000”. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(7):487-489. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.87
6
Rodwin VG. Gusmano MK. The world cities project: rationale and design for comparison of megacity health systems. J Urban Health 2002:79(4):445-463.
7
World City Project Publications. http://wagner.nyu.edu/faculty/vrodwinWCP
8
Yan F, Zhang J. Untimely applause was a distraction: Comment on “Shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000”. Int J Health Policy Manag 2015;4(6):403-405. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.64
9
Fabre G. The Chinese healthcare challenge: Comment on "Shanghai rising: avoidable mortality as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000". Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(3):195-197. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.36
10
Heijink R. Koolman X. Westert G. Spending more money, saving more lives? The relationship between avoidable mortality and healthcare spending in 14 countries. Eur J Health Econ. 2013;14:527-538.
11
Allin S, Grignon M. Examining the role of amenable mortality as an indicator of health system effectiveness. Healthcare Policy 2014;9(3)12-18. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2014.23733
12
Gusmano MK, Rodwin VG, Weisz D. Using comparative analysis to address health system caricatures. Int J Health Serv. 2014;44(3)553-565. doi:10.2190/hs.44.3.g
13
Cheng TM. Explaining Shanghai’s health care reforms, successes and challenges. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013;32(12):2199-2204. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1136
14