ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Inequities in the Freedom to Lead a Flourishing and Healthy Life: Issues for Healthy Public Policy
There are many reasons for the health inequities that we see around the world today. Public policy and the way society organises its affairs affects the economic, social and physical factors that influence the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age - the social determinants of health. Tackling health inequities is a political issue that requires leadership, political courage, progressive public policy, social struggle and action, and a sound evidence base.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2881_56899843d417c5ad1216e3c3c0ee8e4c.pdf
2014-09-01
161
163
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.82
Health Inequalities
Social Determinants
Public Policy
Sharon
Friel
sharon.friel@anu.edu.au
1
Menzies Centre for Health Policy, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
AP-HealthGAEN. An Asia Pacific spotlight on health inequity: Taking Action to Address the Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Inequity in Asia Pacific, 2011. Canberra: Global Action for Health Equity Network (HealthGAEN); 2011.
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28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fetus, Fasting, and Festival: The Persistent Effects of In Utero Social Shocks
The Fetal Origins Hypothesis (FOH), put forward in the epidemiological literature and later flourished in the economics literature, suggests that the time in utero is a critical period for human development. However, much attention has been paid to the consequences of fetal exposures to more extreme natural shocks, while less is known about fetal exposures to milder but more commonly experienced social shocks. Using two examples of under-nutrition due to mild social shocks, i.e. Ramadan fasting and festival overspending, this paper summarizes our current knowledge, especially the contribution from economics, and key challenges in exploring fetal exposures to milder social shocks. I also discuss the salient added value of identifying milder versus more extreme fetal shocks. Finally, implications are drawn on individual decisions and public policy to improve children’s well-being before they are born or even before their mothers realize that they are pregnant.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2889_f39193dd3f6fb1cf8fb00f5f426f0497.pdf
2014-09-01
165
169
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.92
In Utero
Maternal Fasting
Ramadan
Gift
Ceremonies
Early Childhood Development
Xi
Chen
xi.chen@yale.edu
1
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
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17. Dikensoy E, Balat O, Cebesoy B, Ozkur A, Cicek H, Can G. The effect of Ramadan fasting on maternal serum lipids, cortisol levels and fetal development. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009; 279: 119-23. doi: 10.1007/s00404-008-0680-x
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22. van Ewijk R. Long-term health effects on the next generation of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy. J Health Econ 2011; 30: 1246-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.07.014
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23. Almond D, Mazumder B, van Ewijk R. Fasting during pregnancy and children’s academic performance. NBER Working Paper 17713. 2011. Available from: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17713.pdf
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43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preventing Injuries in Workers: The Role of Management Practices in Decreasing Injuries Reporting
BackgroundResearchers have found that management safety practices may predict occupational injuries and psychological distresses in the workplace. The present study examined the perception of management safety practices related to injuries reporting and its dimensions among workers of Isfahan Steel Company (ESCO). Methods A self-administered anonymous survey was distributed to 189 workers. The survey included demographic factors, management safety perception, injuries reporting and its components (physical symptoms, psychological symptoms, and injuries). The data were analyzed by Multivariate and correlation techniques. Results The results showed that: 1) there were significant correlations between management safety perception with injuries reporting and its two dimensions namely physical and psychological symptoms; 2) there was no significant relationship between management safety perception and injury; 3) in Multivariate analysis, management safety perception significantly predicted about 26%, 19%, and 28% of the variances of variables of injuries reporting, physical symptoms, and psychological symptoms respectively (P< 0.01). Conclusion Improving employees’ perception of management safety practices can be important to prevent the development of job injuries and to promote workers’ safety and well-being.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2882_4b7b061090f47056b5359cd1e2bd7ae7.pdf
2014-09-01
171
177
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.83
Management Safety Perception
Injuries Reporting
Physical Symptoms
Psychological Symptoms
Injuries
Workers
Fariba
Kiani
fariba.kiani64@yahoo.com
1
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Khodabakhsh
khodabakhsh@ut.ac.ir
2
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kiani F, Samavatyan H, Pourabdian S, Jafari E. Predictive power of injuries reporting and its dimensions by job stress among workers’ Isfahan Steel Company. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2011; 40: 105-12.
1
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4
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Barling J, Loughlin C, Kelloway EK. Development and test of a model linking safety-specific transformational leadership and occupational safety. J appl Psychol 2002; 78: 488-96. doi: 10.1037//0021-9010.87.3.488
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46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessing Performance of Botswana’s Public Hospital System: The Use of the World Health Organization Health System Performance Assessment Framework
Background Very few studies have assessed performance of Botswana public hospitals. We draw from a large research study assessing performance of the Botswana Ministry of Health (MoH) to evaluate the performance of public hospital system using the World Health Organization Health Systems Performance Assessment Framework (WHO HSPAF). We aimed to evaluate performance of Botswana public hospital system; relate findings of the assessment to the potential for improvements in hospital performance; and determine the usefulness of the WHO HSPAF in assessing performance of hospital systems in a developing country. Methods This article is based on data collected from document analysis, 54 key informants comprising senior managers and staff of the MoH (N= 40) and senior officers from stakeholder organizations (N= 14), and surveys of 42 hospital managers and 389 health workers. Data from documents and transcripts were analyzed using content and thematic analysis while data analysis for surveys was descriptive determining proportions and percentages. Results The organizational structure of the Botswana’s public hospital system, authority and decision-making are highly centralized. Overall physical access to health services is high. However, challenges in the distribution of facilities and inpatient beds create inequities and inefficiencies. Capacity of the hospitals to deliver services is limited by inadequate resources. There are significant challenges with the quality of care. Conclusion While Botswana invested considerably in building hospitals around the country resulting in high physical access to services, the organization and governance of the hospital system, and inadequate resources limit service delivery. The ongoing efforts to decentralize management of hospitals to district level entities should be expedited. The WHO HSPAF enabled us to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the public hospital system. Though relatively new, this approach proved useful in this study.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2883_aae6e3f0977f17b29b507f7fd4fbed3b.pdf
2014-09-01
179
189
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.85
Botswana
Public Hospitals
Service Delivery
World Health Organization Health System Performance Assessment Framework (WHO HSPSF)
Onalenna
Seitio-Kgokgwe
oseitio@gmail.com
1
Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana
LEAD_AUTHOR
Robin
Gauld
robin.gauld@otago.ac.nz
2
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
AUTHOR
Philip
Hill
phill@otago.ac.nz
3
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
AUTHOR
Pauline
Barnett
pauline.barnett@canterbury.ac.nz
4
School of Health Sciences at Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
AUTHOR
Central Statistics Office (CSO). Health facility by type and number of beds 1998-2006, 2009.
1
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59
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Potential Benefits and Downsides of External Healthcare Performance Evaluation Systems: Real-Life Perspectives on Iranian Hospital Evaluation and Accreditation Program
Background Performance evaluation is essential to quality improvement in healthcare. The current study has identified the potential pros and cons of external healthcare evaluation programs, utilizing them subsequently to look into the merits of a similar case in a developing country. Methods A mixed method study employing both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis techniques was adopted to achieve the study end. Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and professionals were approached for two-stage process of data collection. Results Potential advantages included greater attractiveness of high accreditation rank healthcare organizations to their customers/purchasers and boosted morale of their personnel. Downsides, as such, comprised the programs’ over-reliance on value judgment of surveyors, routinization and incurring undue cost on the organizations. In addition, the improved, standardized care processes as well as the judgmental nature of program survey were associated, as pros and cons, to the program investigated by the professionals. Conclusion Besides rendering a tentative assessment of Iranian hospital evaluation program, the study provides those running external performance evaluations with a lens to scrutinize the virtues of their own evaluation systems through identifying the potential advantages and drawbacks of such programs. Moreover, the approach followed could be utilized for performance assessment of similar evaluation programs.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2884_3f28010e9140b1a5cba3159505ca6b98.pdf
2014-09-01
191
198
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.84
Benefits and Downsides
Health care
Performance Evaluation Program
Iran
Ebrahim
Jaafaripooyan
jaafaripooyan@tums.ac.ir
1
Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Dianis NL, Cummings C. An interdisciplinary approach to process performance improvement. J Nurs Care Qual 1998; 12: 49-59. doi: 10.1097/00001786-199804000-00011
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Ng GK, Leung GK, Johnston JM, Cowling BJ. Factors affecting implementation of accreditation programmes and the impact of the accreditation process on quality improvement in hospitals: a SWOT analysis. Hong Kong Med J 2013; 19: 434-46. doi: 10.12809/hkmj134063
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Jaafaripooyan E. Contextual Approach to the Performance Analysis of Iran’s National Accreditation Programme for Healthcare Organisations [PhD thesis]. Southampton: University of Southampton; 2011.
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61
Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME). [The instruction of standards and principles of evaluation of the general hospitals: Emergency department]. Tehran: Centre for healthcare accreditation and supervision, Healthcare organisations evaluation group; 1997.
62
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64
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Social Determinants of Equity in Access to Healthcare for Tuberculosis Patients in Republic of Macedonia – Results from a Case-Control Study
Background Health is a complex phenomenon and equity as a basic human right an integral part of constitutions in almost all countries in the world. In Republic of Macedonia (RM), Tuberculosis (TB) is clustered regionally and in certain ethnic groups. The main objective of this study was to analyze Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and equity in access to healthcare services for TB patients in RM, aimed at complex analysis of factors that cause inequities. Methods Case-control study was conducted in the period March–December, 2013; “cases” are households of TB patients registered in the period July, 2012–June, 2013 and controls are households with no TB patients in their immediate vicinity. World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Survey questionnaire was used to collect data. Results Analysis of SDH of TB patients shows that patients are mostly males, of lower socio-economic status, are less educated, unemployed and TB is clustered in certain ethnic groups. Analysis of access has identified these determinants as important barriers in access to health services. Conclusion The study has documented the basic SDH of TB patients in RM, as well as barriers in access to healthcare, providing useful baseline information to facilitate determination where to concentrate future efforts.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2891_50ef3a379f5c4bfd50bc99a1616a4d7d.pdf
2014-09-01
199
205
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.89
Equity
Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
Tuberculosis (TB) Patients
Macedonia
Dance
Gudeva Nikovska
dgnikovska@gmail.com
1
Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fimka
Tozija
ftozija@mt.net.mk
2
National Institute of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
AUTHOR
de Looper M, Lafortune G. Measuring disparities in health status and in access and use of health care in OECD countries OECD Health Working Papers No. 43 [Internet]. 2009. Available from: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5ksm88c0r7kj.pdf?expires=1411378248&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=2360B0C612F7E117249DC207531687E0
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20 years of independent Macedonia [internet]. State Statistical Office, 2012. Available from: http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/20YearsOfINDEPENDENTMACEDONIA.pdf
24
World Health Organization (WHO). Health systems in transition. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: WHO; 2006.
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Preventive tuberculosis program in Republic of Macedonia. Ministry of Health, 2014.
26
Ensuring high quality and sustainable DOTS interventions in Republic of Macedonia. Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 2014.
27
Insured individuals in Republic of Macedonia/Health Insurance fund, 2012.
28
National TB Strategy 2008-2012. Ministry of Health, 2012.
29
Tanimura T, Jaramillo E, Weil D, Raviglione M, Lonnroth K. Financial burden for tuberculosis patients in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Eur Respir J 2014; 43: 1763-75. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00193413
30
Fletcher JM, Frisvold DE. Higher Education and Health Investments: Does More Schooling Affect Preventive Health Care Use? J Hum Cap 2009; 3: 144-76. doi: 10.1086/645090
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Local Stakeholders’ Perceptions about the Introduction of Performance-Based Financing in Benin: A Case Study in Two Health Districts
Background Performance-Based Financing (PBF) has been advanced as a solution to contribute to improving the performance of health systems in developing countries. This is the case in Benin. This study aims to analyse how two PBF approaches, piloted in Benin, behave during implementation and what effects they produce, through investigating how local stakeholders perceive the introduction of PBF, how they adapt the different approaches during implementation, and the behavioural interactions induced by PBF. Methods The research rests on a socio-anthropological approach and qualitative methods. The design is a case study in two health districts selected on purpose. The selection of health facilities was also done on purpose, until we reached saturation of information. Information was collected through observation and semi-directive interviews supported by an interview guide. Data was analysed through contents and discourse analysis. Results The Ministry of Health (MoH) strongly supports PBF, but it is not well integrated with other ongoing reforms and processes. Field actors welcome PBF but still do not have a sense of ownership about it. The two PBF approaches differ notably as for the organs in charge of verification. Performance premiums are granted according to a limited number of quantitative indicators plus an extensive qualitative checklist. PBF matrices and verification missions come in addition to routine monitoring. Local stakeholders accommodate theoretical approaches. Globally, staff is satisfied with PBF and welcomes additional supervision and training. Health providers reckon that PBF forces them to depart from routine, to be more professional and to respect national norms. A major issue is the perceived unfairness in premium distribution. Even if health staff often refer to financial premiums, actually the latter are probably too weak—and ‘blurred’—to have a lasting inciting effect. It rather seems that PBF motivates health workers through other elements of its ‘package’, especially formative supervisions. Conclusion If the global picture is quite positive, several issues could jeopardise the success of PBF. It appears crucial to reduce the perceived unfairness in the system, notably through enhancing all facilities’ capacities to ensure they are in line with national norms, as well as to ensure financial and institutional sustainability of the system.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2892_a88278ee1c8d2b0fd8e8d82f458dcd4c.pdf
2014-09-01
207
214
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.93
Performance-Based Financing (PBF)
Benin
Qualitative Study
Stakeholders
Case Study
Health District
Elisabeth
Paul
elisabeth.paul@ulb.ac.be
1
Universite de Liègeand Research Group on the Implementation of the Agenda for Aid Effectiveness in the Health Sector (GRAP-PA Sante), Liège, Belgium
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nadine
Sossouhounto
nadinesossouhounto@yahoo.fr
2
Universite d’Abomey-Calavi, LADYD, Cotonou, Benin
AUTHOR
Dieudonné
Eclou
eclousedjro@gmail.com
3
Universite d’Abomey-Calavi, LADYD, Cotonou, Benin
AUTHOR
Meessen B, Soucat A, Sekabaraga C. Performance-based financing: just a donor fad or a catalyst towards comprehensive health-care reform? Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89:153-6. doi: 10.2471/BLT.10.077339
1
Eichler R, Levine R. Performance Incentives for Global Health: Potential and Pitfalls. Washington: Center for Global Development, Performance-Based Incentives Working Group; 2009.
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Witter S, Toonen J, Meessen B, Kagubare J, Fritsche G, Vaughan K. Performance-based financing as a health system reform: mapping the key dimensions for monitoring and evaluation. BMC Health Serv Res 2013; 13: 367. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-367
3
Catholic Organisation for Relief and Development Aid (Cordaid). PBF in Action: Theories and Instruments, PBF Course Guide (fifth edition). The Hague: Cordaid; 2014.
4
Fritsche GB, Soeters R, Meessen B. Performance-based financing toolkit. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2014.
5
Paul E, Eclou D, Sossouhounto N. Perspectives de recherche sur les perceptions des acteurs vis-à-vis de l’introduction du financementbasésur les résultats (FBR) dans le secteur de la santé au Bénin [Research perspectives on stakeholders’ perceptions about results-based financing (RBF) in the health sector in Benin]. Report of the 5th GRAP-PA Santé mission in Benin, 8-15 November. Université de Liège; 2013.
6
Soeters R, Vroeg P. Why there is so much enthusiasm for performance-based financing, particularly in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89: 699-700.
7
The World Bank. Performance-Based Financing Toolkit [internet]. Available from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ TOPICS/EXTHEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/ EXTPmenuP:9409463~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:9409457,00.html
8
PBF Community of Practice (CoP) website. Available from: http://performancebasedfinancing.org/
9
Oxman AD, Fretheim A. Can paying for results help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals? A critical review of selected evaluations of results-based financing. J Evid Based Med 2009; 2: 70-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-5391.2009.01020.x
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Witter S, Fretheim A, Kessy FL, Lindahl AK. Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007899.pub2
11
Brown GW, Barnes A, Harman S, Gruia M, Papamichail A. Annotated literature review: African actors, global health governance and performance-based funding. Discussion Paper 98. Harare: EQUINET; 2013.
12
Paul E, Robinson M. Performance Budgeting, Motivation and Incentive. In: Robinson M, editor. Performance Budgeting: Linking Funding and Results. Washington and New York: International Monetary Fund & Palgrave/McMillan; 2007: 330-75.
13
Ireland M, Paul E, Dujardin B. Can performance-based financing be used to reform health systems in developing countries? Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89: 695-8. doi: 10.2471/BLT.11.087379
14
Ssengooba F, McPake B, Palmer N. Why performance-based contracting failed in Uganda – An ‘open-box’ evaluation of a complex health system intervention. Soc Sci Med 2012; 75: 377-83. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.050
15
Fox S, Witter S, Wylde E, Mafuta E, Lievens T. Paying health workers for performance in a fragmented, fragile state: reflections from Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Health Policy Plan 2014; 29: 96-105. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs138
16
Mayaka Manitu S, Muvudi Lushimba M, Bertone MP, de Borman N. Le financement basé sur la performance en République Démocratique du Congo: comparaison de deux experiences pilotes [Performance-based financing in DRC: a comparison of two pilot experiences]. PBF Community of Practice Working Paper Series WP6; 2011.
17
Rusa L, Ngirabega J, Janssen W, Van Bastelaere S, Porignon D, Vandenbulcke W. Performance-based financing for better quality of services in Rwandan health centres: 3-year experience. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14: 830-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02292.x
18
Basinga P, Gertler PJ, Binagwaho A, Soucat AL, Sturdy J, Vermeersch CM. Effect on maternal and child health services in Rwanda of payment to primary health-care providers for performance: an impact evaluation. Lancet 2011; 377: 1421-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60177-3
19
Renmans D, Paul E, Dujardin B. Analysing Performance-Based Financing under the lenses of the Principal-Agent theory. Brussels: Université Libre de Bruxelles; 2014.
20
Miller G, Singer Babiarz K. Pay-for-Performance Incentives in Low- and Middle-Income Country Health Programs. Working Paper No. 18932. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2013.
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Olivier de Sardan JP. La rigueur du qualitatif [Rigour in qualitative research]. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia Bruylant; 2008. p. 105-24.
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Olivier de Sardan JP. Anthropology for Development: Understanding Contemporary Social Change. London: Zed Books Ltd; 2005.
23
Jaffré Y, Olivier de Sardan JP, editors. Une médecine inhospitalière: les difficiles relations entre soignants et soignés dans cinq capitales d’Afrique de l’Ouest [Inhospitable medical practice: difficult relationships between healthcare providers and patients in five Western African capital cities]. Paris: Karthala; 2003.
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Priedeman Skiles M, Curtis SL, Basinga P, Angeles G. An equity analysis of performance-based financing in Rwanda: are services reaching the poorest women? Health Policy Plan 2013; 28: 825-37. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs122
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27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Single Competency-Based Education and Training and Competency-Based Career Framework for the Australian Health Workforce: Discussing the Potential Value Add
This brief discusses the policy implications of a research study commissioned by Health Workforce Australia (HWA) within its health workforce innovation and reform work program. The project explored conceptually complex and operationally problematic concepts related to developing a whole-of-workforce competency-based education and training and competency-based career framework for the Australian health workforce and culminated with the production of three reports published by HWA. The project raised important queries as to whether such a concept is desirable, feasible or implementable – in short what is the potential value add and is it achievable? In setting the scene for discussion, the foundation of the project’s genesis and focus of the study are highlighted. A summary of key definitions related to competency-based education and training frameworks and competency-based career frameworks are provided to further readers’ commonality of understanding. The nature of the problem to be solved is explored and the potential value-add for the Australian health workforce and its key constituents proposed. The paper concludes by discussing relevance and feasibility issues within Australia’s current and changing healthcare context along with the essential steps and implementation realities that would need to be considered and actioned if whole-of-workforce frameworks were to be developed and implemented.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2888_e33f5b86c095f17b0c46d594882fa753.pdf
2014-09-01
215
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10.15171/ijhpm.2014.88
Competency-Based Education
Career Ladders
Health Workforce
Career Mobility
Innovation
Healthcare Reform
Public Policy Implementation
Sharon
Brownie
s.brownie@griffith.edu.au
1
Griffith Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Janelle
Thomas
janelle_thomas@health.qld.gov.au
2
Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Queensland, Australia
AUTHOR
Brownie S, Bahnisch M, Thomas J. Competency-based Education Training & Competency-base d Career Frameworks: Informing Australian health workforce development. Brisbane: University of Queensland Node of the Australian Health Workforce Institute in partnership with Health Workforce Australia; 2012.
1
Brownie S, Bahnisch M, Thomas J. Exploring the Literature: Competency-based Education and Training & Competency-based Career Frameworks. Brisbane: University of Queensland Node of the Australian Health Workforce Institute in partnership with Health Workforce Australia; 2012.
2
Brownie S, Bahnisch M, Thomas J. Listening to our Stakeholders: Analysis of interviews regarding competency-based education and training & competency-based career frameworks. Brisbane: University of Queensland Node of the Australian Health Workforce Institute in partnership with Health Workforce Australia; 2012.
3
Victoria Government Department of Human Services. Health workforce competency principles: A Victorian discussion paper. Melbourne: Department of Human Services; 2009.
4
Knight A, Nestor M. A glossary of Australian vocational education and training terms. Leabrook: National Centre for Vocational Education Research; 2000.
5
Ridoutt L, Dutneall R, Hummel K, Smith C. Factors influencing the implementation of training and learning in the workplace. Leabrook: National Centre for Vocational Education Research; 2002.
6
Carter Y, Jackson N. Medical education and training: From theory to delivery. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.
7
Nancarrow SA, Borthwick AM. Dynamic professional boundaries in the healthcare workforce. Sociol Health Illn 2005; 27: 897-919. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2005.00463.x
8
Duckett SJ. Interventions to facilitate health workforce restructure. Australia and New Zealand Health Policy 2005; 2: 14. doi: 10.1186/1743-8462-2-14
9
Ellis N, Robinson L, Brooks PM. Task substitution: Where to from here? Med J Aust 2006; 185: 18-9.
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Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) Council. Australian Qualifications Framework. Carlton, Victoria: Australian Qualifications Framework Advisory Board; 2010.
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Frank JR, Danoff D. The CanMEDS initiative: Implementing an outcomes-based framework of physician competencies. Med Teach 2007; 29: 642-7. doi: 10.1080/01421590701746983
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Kaml C, Weiss CC, Dezdendorf P, Isda M, Rice D, Klein R, et al. Developing a Competency Framework for U.S. State Food and Feed Testing Laboratory Personnel. J AOAC Int 2014; 97: 7. doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.13-400
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Frank JR, Snell LS, Cate OT, Holmboe ES, Carraccio C, Swing SR, et al. Competency-based medical education: theory to practice. Med Teach 2010; 32: 638-45. doi: 10.3109/0142159x.2010.501190
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Skills for Health. Bristol: Skills for Health, 2010.
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Nisbet G, Lee A, Kumar K, Thistlethwaite J, Dunston R. Health Education: A Literature Review Overview of international and Australian developments in interprofessional health education (IPE). Sydney: University of Sydney; 2011.
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Ferandez S, Rainey HG. Managing successful organizational change in the public sector. Public Adm Rev 2006; 66: 168-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00570.x
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Inequities in the Freedom to Lead a Flourishing and Healthy Life: Time for a Progressive Social Protections Framework; Comment on “Inequities in the Freedom to Lead a Flourishing and Healthy Life: Issues for Healthy Public Policy”
Evidence now shows that the key drivers of poor health are social factors, such as education, employment, housing and urban environments. Variations in these social factors—or the conditions in which we live our lives—have lead to a growth in health inequalities within and between countries. One of the key challenges facing those concerned with health equity is how to effect change across the broad policy areas that impact these social conditions, and create a robust ‘social protections framework’ to address and prevent health inequalities.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2887_0d93506a3cea6735ad72ea739bc70625.pdf
2014-09-01
223
225
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.90
Healthy Public Policy
Health Equity
Social Protections Policies
Gemma
Carey
gemma.carey@unsw.edu.au
1
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Marmort M. Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review. Strategic Review of Health Inequalitites in England post-2010. London; 2010.
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Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH). Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
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Friel S. Inequities in the freedom to lead a flourishing and healthy life: issues for healthy public policy. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: 1–3. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.82
3
Coburn D. Beyond the income inequality hypothesis: class, neo-liberalism, and health inequalities. Soc Sci Med 2004; 58: 41–56. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00159-x
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Brennenstuhl S, Quesnel-Vallee A, McDonough P. Welfare regimes, population health and health inequalities: a research synthesis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012; 66: 397–409. doi: 10.1136/jech-2011-200277
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Stark P. The politics of welfare state retrenchment: A literature review. Soc Policy Adm 2006; 40: 104–20. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9515.2006.00479.x
6
Thompson S, Hoggett P. Universalism, selectivism and particularism: Towards a postmodern social policy. Crit Soc Policy 1996; 16: 21–42. doi: 10.1177/026101839601604602
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Hurley J, Vaithianathan R, Crossley TF, Cobb-Clark DA. Parallel private health insurance in Australia: A cautionary tale and lessons for Canada. IZA Discussion Paper; 2002. Report No.515.
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Benach J, Muntaner C, Santana V, Chairs F. Employment conditions and health inequalities. Final report to the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (EMCONET) [Internet]. Geneva: WHO. 2007 [cited 2014 May 8]. Available from: http://cdrwww.who.int/entity/social_determinants/resources/articles/emconet_who_report.pdf
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