ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Grand Convergence in Mortality is Possible: Comment on Global Health 2035
The grand challenge in global health is the inequality in mortality and life expectancy between countries and within countries. According to Global Health 2035, the Lancet Commission celebrating the 20th anniversary of the World Development Report (WDR) of 1993, the world now has the unique opportunity to achieve a grand convergence in global mortality within a generation. This article comments on the main findings and recommendations of the Global Health 2035.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2807_3a42398d1c129688e10e9bc68691acdb.pdf
2014-01-09
1
3
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.01
Global Health
Investing in Health
Macro-Economic Benefits
Mortality Inequality
Ole Frithjof
Norheim
ole.norheim@uib.no
1
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
LEAD_AUTHOR
World Bank. World Development Report 1993. Investing in Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993. doi: 10.1002/hec.4730030209
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Horton R. Investing in health: why, what, and three reflections. Lancet 2013; 382: 1859–61. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62330-2
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Dybul M. A grand convergence and a historic opportunity. Lancet 2013; 382: e38–9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62344-2
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Stoltenberg J. Our children: the key to our common future. Lancet 2006; 368: 1042–4. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69332-x
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Anonymous. Vaccination: A drop of pure gold. The Economist [serial on the internet]. [updated 2005 October 13; cited 2013 December 10]; Available from: http://www.economist.com/node/5017166
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World Health Organization (WHO). Macroeconomics and health: Investing in health for economic development. Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health [internet]. 2001. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2001/924154550x.pdf
7
Jamison D, Summers L, Alleyne G, Arrow K, Berkley S, Binagwaho A, et al. Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation. Lancet 2013; 382: 1895–955. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62105-4
8
Deaton A. The great escape. New Haven: Princeton University Press; 2013. doi: 10.1007/s11138-014-0269-5
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Rajaratnam JK, Marcus JR, Flaxman AD, Wang H, Levin-Rector A, Dwyer L, et al. Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4. Lancet 2010; 375: 1988–2008. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60703-9
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World Health Organization (WHO). HIV/AIDS. Fact sheet No 360. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
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World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Life Tables for Member States [internet]. 2011. [cited 2013 June 1]. Available from: http:// apps.who.int/whosis/database/life_tables/life_tables.cfm
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Financing Global Health 2012: The End of the Golden Age? Seattle: IHME; 2013.
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Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2197–223.
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Tranvåg EJ, Ali M, Norheim OF. Health inequalities in Ethiopia: modeling inequalities in length of life within and between population groups. Int J Equity Health 2013; 12: 52. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-12-52
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World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Report: Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage. Geneva: WHO; 2010. doi: 10.2471/blt.10.078741
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Hammitt J, Robinson L. The income elasticity of the value per statistical life: transferring estimates between high and low income populations. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 2011; 2: 1–27. doi: 10.2202/2152-2812.1009
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Norheim OF. Estimated impact on life expectancy and mortality inequality of reducing under-five, maternal, tuberculosis and HIV mortality to a level comparable with four well-performing countries (China, Chile, Costa Rica and Cuba). Commission on Investing in Health Working Paper [internet]. 2013. [cited 2013 October 22]. Available from: http://globalhealth2035.org
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Gwatkin DR, Ergo A. Universal health coverage: friend or foe of health equity? Lancet 2011; 377: 2160–1. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62058-2
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Health System Reform in the United States
In 2010, the United States adopted its first-ever comprehensive set of health system reforms in the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Implementation of the law, though politically contentious and controversial, has now reached a stage where reversal of most elements of the law is no longer feasible. The controversial portions of the law that expand affordable health insurance coverage to most U.S. citizens and legal residents do not offer any important lessons for the global community. The portions of the law seeking to improve the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of medical care as delivered in the U.S., hold lessons for the global community as all nations struggle to gain greater value from the societal resources they invest in medical care for their peoples. Health reform is an ongoing process of planning, legislating, implementing, and evaluating system changes. The U.S. set of delivery system reforms has much for reformers around the globe to assess and consider.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2801_2e0cef233c1f5689d6c1f25986001137.pdf
2013-12-18
5
8
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.02
Health System Reform
United States
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Obamacare
John
McDonough
jmcdonough@hsph.harvard.edu
1
Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Frenk J. The global health system: strengthening national health systems as the next step for global progress. PLoS Med 2010; 7: e1000089. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000089
1
Dentzer S. The Triple Aim Goes Global. Health Aff (Millwood) 2013; 32: 638. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0274
2
Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm [internet]. 2001. Available from: http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2001/Crossing-the- Quality-Chasm-A-New-Health-System-for-the-21st-Century.aspx. doi: 10.1177/152715440100200312
3
Institute of Medicine. Coverage Matters: Insurance and Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2001.
4
McDonough J, Rosman B, Phelps F, Shannon M. The Third Wave of Massachusetts Health Care Access Reform. Health Aff (Millwood) 2006; 25: W42–431. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.25.w420
5
Affordable Care Act [internet]. Available from: http://www.hhs.gov/ healthcare/rights/law/
6
McDonough J. Inside National Health Reform. Berkely, California: University of California Press and the Milbank Fund; 2011. doi: 10.1002/wmh3.7
7
U.S. Surgeon General. National Prevention Strategy [internet]. Available from: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/initiatives/prevention/ strategy/
8
McDonough J. The Road Ahead for the Affordable Care Act. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 199–201. doi: 10.1056/nejmp1206845
9
Commonwealth Fund. International Health Policy Center [internet]. Available from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Topics/International- Health-Policy.aspx
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Earth as Humans’ Habitat: Global Climate Change and the Health of Populations
Human-induced climate change, with such rapid and continuing global-scale warming, is historically unprecedented and signifies that human pressures on Earth’s life-supporting natural systems now exceed the planet’s bio-geo-capacity. The risks from climate change to health and survival in populations are diverse, as are the social and political ramifications. Although attributing observed health changes in a population to the recent climatic change is difficult, a coherent pattern of climate- and weather-associated changes is now evident in many regions of the world. The risks impinge unevenly, especially on poorer and vulnerable regions, and are amplified by pre-existing high rates of climate-sensitive diseases and conditions. If, as now appears likely, the world warms by 3-5oC by 2100, the health consequences, directly and via massive social and economic disruption, will be severe. The health sector has an important message to convey, comparing the health risks and benefits of enlightened action to avert climate change and to achieve sustainable ways of living versus the self-interested or complacent inaction.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2809_f2b642ffecf3ddcdecc906dca08b46dc.pdf
2014-01-11
9
12
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.03
Climate Change
Sustainability
Population Health
Anthropocene
Anthony
J McMichael
tony.mcmichael@anu.edu.au
1
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Fifth Assessment Report (Climate Change 2013) Volume 1. Nairobi: UNEP; 2013. doi: 10.1007/springerreference_28950
1
2. Cook J, Nuccitelli D, Green SA, Richardson M, Winkler B, Painting R, et al. Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature. Environ Res Lett 2013; forthcoming. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024
2
3. McMichael AJ. Planetary Overload. Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993. doi: 10.1017/s0032247400021495
3
4. Global Footprint Network. Atlas of Global Ecological Footprint, 2010. Paris: GFN; 2010.
4
5. Crutzen PJ. Geology of mankind: the Anthropocene. Nature 2002; 15: 23–6. doi: 10.1038/415023a
5
6. McMichael AJ. Globalization, climate change and health. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1335–43. doi: 10.1056/nejmra1109341
6
7. Butler CD, Harley D. Primary, secondary and tertiary effects of the eco-climate crisis: the medical response. Postgrad Med J 2010; 86: 230–4. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2009.082727
7
8. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Special Report on Extreme Events (SREX): Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [internet]. 2012. Available from: http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/. doi: 10.1136/jech-2012-201045
8
9. Coumou D, Robinson A, Rahmstorf S. Global increase in record-breaking monthly-mean temperatures. Climatic Change 2013; 118: 771–82. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0668-1
9
10. Goenjian AK, Molina L, Alan M. Steinberg AM, et al. Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Reactions Among Nicaraguan Adolescents After Hurricane Mitch. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 788–94. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.788
10
11. Schiermeier Q. Climate and weather: Extreme measures: Can violent hurricanes, floods and droughts be pinned on climate change? Scientists are beginning to say yes. Nature 2011; 477: 148–9 .
11
12. Kjellstrom T, Holmer I, Lemke B. Workplace heat stress, health and productivity - an increasing challenge for low and middle-income countries during climate change. Glob Health Action 2009 ; 2. doi: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2047
12
13. McMichael AJ. Insights from past millennia into climatic impacts on human health and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109: 4730–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1120177109
13
14. Sherwood SC, Bony S, Dufresne JL. Spread in model climate sensitivity traced to atmospheric convective mixing. Nature 2014; 505: 37–42. doi: 10.1038/nature12829
14
15. McMichael AJ. Health Impacts in Australia in a Four Degree World, In: Christoff P, editor. Four Degrees of Global Warming. Australia in a Hot World. London: Earthscan/Routledge; 2013. p. 151–67. doi: 10.4324/9780203370476
15
16. Gilbert N. Russia counts environmental cost of wildfires. Nature News 2010. Available from: http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100812/ full/news.2010.404.html doi: 10.1038/news.2010.404
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17. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US [homepage on the internet]. Natural Variability Main Culprit of Deadly Russian Heat Wave That Killed Thousands. 2011. [updated 2011 March 9; cited 2013 December 20]. Available from: http://www.noaanews. noaa.gov/stories2011/20110309_russianheatwave.html
17
18. Herald Sun [homepage on the internet]. Death toll from floods nears 1000. 2011. Available from: http://www.heraldsun. com.au/news/world/death-toll-from-floods-nears-1000/story-e6frf7lf-1226190452391
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19. Agro News [homepage on the internet]. Thailand floods may cut global rice export glut. 2011. Available from: http://news. agropages.com/News/NewsDetail---5826.htm
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20. Reuters [homepage on the internet]. Thai floods spread disease. 2011. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/video/2011/11/07/ thai-floods-spread-disease?videoId=224334638
20
21. Friel S, Marmot M, McMichael AJ, Kjellstrom T, Vågerö D. Global health equity and climate stabilisation: a common agenda. Lancet 2008; 372: 1677–83. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61692-x
21
22. Rockstrom J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A , Chapin FS 3rd, Lambin EF, et al. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 2009; 461: 472–5.doi: 10.1038/461472a
22
23. McMichael AJ, Butler CD. Promoting global population health while constraining the environmental footprint. Annu Rev Public Health 2011; 32: 179–97. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101203
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Accelerated Reforms in Healthcare Financing: The Need to Scale up Private Sector Participation in Nigeria
The health sector, a foremost service sector in Nigeria, faces a number of challenges; primarily, the persistent under-funding of the health sector by the Nigerian government as evidence reveals low allocations to the health sector and poor health system performance which are reflected in key health indices of the country.Notwithstanding, there is evidence that the private sector could be a key player in delivering health services and impacting health outcomes, including those related to healthcare financing. This underscores the need to optimize the role of private sector in complementing the government’s commitment to financing healthcare delivery and strengthening the health system in Nigeria. There are also concerns about uneven quality and affordability of private-driven health systems, which necessitates reforms aimed at regulation. Accordingly, the argument is that the benefits of leveraging the private sector in complementing the national government in healthcare financing outweigh the challenges, particularly in light of lean public resources and finite donor supports. This article, therefore, highlights the potential for the Nigerian government to scale up healthcare financing by leveraging private resources, innovations and expertise, while working to achieve the universal health coverage.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2798_4c3a16dbd4af0143e3219e4d5b44f064.pdf
2014-01-01
13
19
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.04
Nigeria
Healthcare Financing
Health System
Private Sector
Ufuoma
Ejughemre
ufuoma83@gmail.com
1
Department of Community Medicine, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
American Public Health Association. Strengthening health systems in developing countries [internet]. 2008. [cited 2013 Oct 19]. Available from: http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1375
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Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). World Facts Book [internet]. 2013. [cited 2013 Sep 16]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html
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Adetokunbo L. Primary Health Care in Nigeria, Health Reform Foundation in Nigeria (HEFRON). Nigerian Health Review, 2007. p. 24.
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Das Gupta M, Gauri V, Khemani S. Primary Health Care Service Delivery in Nigeria. Survey Evidence from Lagos and Kogi. Development Research Group. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2003.
4
World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Report 2000. Health Systems, Improving health performance. Geneva: WHO; 2000. doi: 10.1016/s0033-3549(04)50043-2
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Adegoke AA, Campbell M, Ogundeji MO, Lawoyin TO, Thomson AM. Community Study of maternal mortality in South West Nigeria: how applicable is the sisterhood method. Matern Child Health J 2013; 17: 319–29. doi: 10.1007/s10995-012-0977-z
6
Guerrier G, Oluyide B, Keramarou M, Grais R. High maternal and neonatal mortality rates in northern Nigeria: an 8-month observational study. Int J Womens Health 2013; 5: 495–9. doi: 10.2147/ijwh.s48179
7
CIA Facts Book [internet]. 2012. [cited 2013 Oct 8]. Available from: http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=29
8
World Bank. Health expenditure per capita [internet]. 2013. [cited 2013 Oct 10]. Available From: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP
9
Schoen C, Doty MM, Robertson RH, Collins SR. Affordable Care Act Reforms Could Reduce the Number of Underinsured U.S. Adults by 70 Percent. Health Affairs 2011; 30: 1762–71. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0335
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Anderson GF, Markovich P. Multinational Comparisons of Health Systems Data, 2010. New York: The Commonwealth Fund; 2011.
11
IFC. The Business of Health in Africa: Partnering with the Private Sector to Improve People’s Lives. Washington, DC: International Finance Corporation; 2007.
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World Health Organization (WHO). Strengthening the Capacity of Governments to Constructively Engage the Private Sector in Providing Essential Health-Care Services [internet]. 2010. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA63/A63_25-en.pdf
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Consultative Group of Nigeria. Nigeria, economic strategy and policy: The Way Forward. Federal Government of Nigeria Abuja, 2000.
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World Health Organization (WHO). Africa Public Health Alliance & 15%+ Campaign [internet]. 2010. [cited 2012 May 19]. Available from: http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/members_partners/member_list/aphra/en/index.html
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Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Annual Reports and Statement of Accounts. World Bank Country Report for Nigeria, 2005.
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World Bank. African Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2000. doi: 10.1596/0-8213-5720-4
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World Bank Health Expenditure per capita [internet]. [cited 2013 Sep 16]. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP
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Trading economic index [internet]. 2013. [cited 2013 Aug 17].Available from: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/gdp
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David A, Squires DA. Explaining High Health Care Spending in the United States: An International Comparison of Supply, Utilization, Prices, and Quality. New York: The Commonwealth Fund; 2011.
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Soyibo A, Coordinator P. National Health Accounts of Nigeria, 1998–2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
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Nigeria Health Expenditure. Total versus Private [internet]. 2013. [cited 2013 Oct 11]. Available from: http://nigeria.opendataforafrica.org/msqivrf/nigeria-health-expenditure-total-vs-private
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Obansa SAJ. Health Care Financing in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 2013; 4: 231.
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Adinma ED, Adinnma BJ. Community based healthcare financing: An untapped option to a more effective healthcare funding in Nigeria. Niger Med 2010; 50: 95–9.
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Wonderling D, Gruen R, Black N. Introduction to Health Economics. 5th Edition. Maidenhead : Open University Press; 2010.
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Schoen C, Osborn R, Squires D, Doty MM, Pierson R, Applebaum S. How health insurance design affects access to care and costs, by income, in eleven countries. Health Aff (Millwood) 2010; 29: 2323–34. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0862
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Keehan SP, Cuckler GA, Sisko AM, Madison AJ, Smith SD, Lizonitz JM, et al. National Health Expenditure Projections: Modest Annual Growth Until Coverage Expands And Economic Growth Accelerates. Health Affairs 2012; 31: 1600–12. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0404
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World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Geneva: WHO; 2001. doi: 10.1016/s0968-8080(02)00085-x
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Criel B, Kegels G. A health insurance scheme for hospital care in Bwamanda District, Zaire: lessons and questions after 10 years of functioning. Trop Med Int Health 1997; 2: 654–72. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-349.x
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53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Research and Collaboration Overview of Institut Pasteur International Network: A Bibliometric Approach toward Research Funding Decisions
Background Institut Pasteur International Network (IPIN), which includes 32 research institutes around the world, is a network of research and expertise to fight against infectious diseases. A scientometric approach was applied to describe research and collaboration activities of IPIN. Methods Publications were identified using a manual search of IPIN member addresses in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) between 2006 and 2011. Total publications were then subcategorized by geographic regions. Several scientometric indicators and the H-index were employed to estimate the scientific production of each IPIN member. Subject and geographical overlay maps were also applied to visualize the network activities of the IPIN members. Results A total number of 12667 publications originated from IPIN members. Each author produced an average number of 2.18 papers and each publication received an average of 13.40 citations. European Pasteur Institutes had the largest amount of publications, authored papers, and H-index values. Biochemistry and molecular biology, microbiology, immunology and infectious diseases were the most important research topics, respectively. Geographic mapping of IPIN publications showed wide international collaboration among IPIN members around the world. Conclusion IPIN has strong ties with national and international authorities and organizations to investigate the current and future health issues. It is recommended to use scientometric and collaboration indicators as measures of research performance in IPIN future policies and investment decisions.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2802_35bafd0f3a000d1605551111a63efff3.pdf
2014-12-18
21
28
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.05
International Cooperation
Scientometrics
Institut Pasteur
Organizational Policy
Ehsan
Mostafavi
mostafavi@pasteur.ac.ir
1
Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Azam
Bazrafshan
bazra.fshan.a.83@gmail.com
2
Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Chene G, Sterne JA, May M, Costagliola D, Ledergerber B, Phillips AN, et al. Prognostic importance of initial response in HIV-1 infected patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy: analysis of prospective studies. Lancet 2003; 362: 679–86. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14229-8
1
2. Cartwright K. Pneumococcal disease in western Europe: burden of disease, antibiotic resistance and management. Eur J Pediatr 2002; 161: 188–95. doi: 10.1007/s00431-001-0907-3
2
3. Velati C, Fomiatti L, Baruffi L, Romano L, Zanetti A. Impact of nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) in Italy in the three years following implementation (2001-2003). Euro Surveill 2005; 10: 12–4.
3
4. Durando P, Sticchi L, Sasso L, Gasparini R. Public health research literature on infectious diseases: coverage and gaps in Europe. Eur J Public Health 2007; 17: 19–23. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckm066
4
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Equity in the Utilization of Healthcare Services in India: Evidence from National Sample Survey
Background The pursuit of equity in health and healthcare has been the key feature of health policy in India. However, despite the policy significance, the volume of literature available on this issue is scarce. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to examine the horizontal inequities in healthcare utilization, consisting of outpatient and inpatient care in 15 major states and north-eastern region of India. Methods Cross-sectional data were taken from the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 60th round (2004), the survey on ‘morbidity and healthcare’. While outpatient care was assessed using the probability of outpatient visit 15 days prior to the survey date, the indicators of inpatient care utilization were based on the following variables: the probability of hospital admission and length of stay in hospital over a 12-month period. All these measures of healthcare utilization were standardized for need differences and controlled for socio-economic factors. Need standardized concentration indices were used to measure interstate and intrastate income-related inequities in healthcare utilization. Results Absolute inequalities were found between states in the proportion of the population reporting a visit to an outpatient provider, in the range of 4.42% to 21.72%. Similarly, inpatient care varied from 1% to 10%. The magnitude of inequity for both outpatient and inpatient care was pro-rich across rural and urban areas of India and in majority of the states. In fact, in majority of the states, the horizontal inequity across types of curative care was noticeably higher within the rural population than in the urban population. The analysis demonstrated that high per capita government health spending was significantly associated with low inequity in utilization of inpatient care. Conclusion The study concludes that it would be necessary to address the prevailing inequities in healthcare by substantially scaling up the public spending on health, and achieving effective universal coverage of healthcare in India.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2804_83127d10f22b445b306f276b46d319bd.pdf
2014-01-06
29
38
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.06
Horizontal Inequity
Healthcare Utilization
Outpatient Care
Inpatient Care
States
India
Soumitra
Ghosh
soumitra@tiss.edu
1
Centre for Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bhore J, Amesur R, Banerjee A. Report of the Health Survey and Development Committee. Delhi: Government of India; 1946.
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Zhou Z, Su Y, Gao J, Campbell B, Zhu Z, Xu L, et al. Assessing equity of healthcare utilization in rural China: results from nationally representative surveys from 1993 to 2008. Int J Equity Health 2013; 12: 34. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-12-34
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Frenz P, Delgado I, Kaufman JS, Harper S. Achieving effective universal health coverage with equity: evidence from Chile. Health Policy Plan 2013; forthcoming. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czt054
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Yiengprugsawan V, Carmichael G, Lim LY, Seubsman S, Sleigh A. Explanation of inequality in utilisation of ambulatory care before and after universal health insurance in Thailand. Health Policy Plan 2011; 26: 105–14. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czq028
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Balrajan Y, Selvaraj S, Subramanian S V. Healthcare and Equity in India. Lancet 2011; 377: 505–15. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61894-6
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Wagstaff A, van Doorslaer E. Measuring and Testing for Inequity in the Delivery of Healthcare. J Hum Resour 2000; 35: 716–33.
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Kim Y, Kwon S, Xu K. Has Income-related Inequity in Healthcare Utilization and Expenditures Been Improved? Evidence From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2005 and 2010. J Prev Med Public Health 2013; 46: 237–48. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.5.237
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Tang J, Wang L,Wan Q, Tao S. Case Study on Horizontal Equity in Health Services Utilization is a component of Equity Research in Health Areas. Chinese Health Economics 2005; 24: 5–7.
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O’Donnell O, van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Lindelow M. Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data: a Guide to Techniques and their Implementation. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2008.doi: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6933-3
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41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Governance of HIV/AIDS: Implications for Health Sector Response
This paper reviews the essence of effective governance and importance of a multi-sectoral approach in generating health systems response to HIV/AIDS. This comprehensive approach highlights the importance of integrating reproductive sexual health programs and HIV prevention services, including peer education, life skills, and Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT), for Prevention of Mother–to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) and reaching out to People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA).Research implications for governance of health systems response to HIV/AIDS, integrated youth health policies and high-level political commitment, are emphasized by strategic implications for HIV/AIDS control and followed by a policy thrust on health systems as a strategic plan to achieve sustainability in the fight against HIV/AIDS.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2805_44dbdc72c3e58d989687354f844d6d4a.pdf
2014-01-01
39
44
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.07
Health Policy
Governance
Multi-Sectoral Approach
Health Systems Strengthening
PLHA
Health Systems Research
Social Dterminants and Sustainability
Manoj
Kar
manojkar.iie10@gmail.com
1
Indian Institute of Education, Pune, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic [internet]. 2012. [cited 2013 October 15]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org /en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents /epidemiology/2013/gr2013/ UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf.
1
2. NACO. Annual Report 2011-12 [internet]. 2012. [cited 2013 October 15]. Available from: https://nacoonline.org/upload /Publication/Annual 20Report /NACO_AR_Eng 202011-12.pdf
2
3. Centre for Disease Control. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report: Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data—United States and 6 U.S. dependent area; 17(No. 3, part A). 2012. [cited 2013 October 15].Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf /statistics_2010_HIV_Surveillance_Report_vol_17_no_3.pdf
3
4. UN General Assembly twenty sixth special session [internet]. 2001. [cited 2013 October 15].Available from: http://www.un.org/ga/aids/docs/aress262.pdf
4
5. Hogle JA, Green E, Nantulya V, Stoneburner R, Stover J. What Happened in Uganda? Declining HIV Prevalence, Behaviour Change and National Response [internet]. Available from: http://www.popline.org/node/250072
5
6. UNDP. The Role of Human Rights in Response to HIV, TB and Malaria [internet]. 2013. Available from: http://www.undp.org/content /undp/en/home/librarypage/hiv-aids /the-role-of-humanrightsin-responses-to-hiv--tuberculosis-and-m.html
6
7. UNAIDS. Sexual Health Education Does Lead to Safer Sexual Behaviour. UNAIDS Review [internet]. 1997. Available from: http://www.popline.org/node/274869
7
8. Remme JH, Adam T, Becerra-Posada F, D’Arcangues C, Devlin M, Gardner C, et al. Defining research to improve health systems. PLoS Med2010; 7: e1001000. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001000
8
9. Kelly K, Parker W, Gelb S. HIV/AIDS, Economics and Governance in South Africa: Key Issues in Understanding Response [internet]. 2002. Available from: http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/AIDS_paper.pdf
9
10. Kunaka C. HIV/AIDS, democracy and governance in Southern Africa. Unpublished paper, 2000.
10
11. Over AM. The macroeconomic impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa (World Bank Africa Technical Department, Population, Health and Nutrition Division. Technical Working Paper). Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank; 1992.
11
12. Whiteside A .The threat of HIV/AIDS to democracy and governance [internet]. 1999. Available from: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADR215.pdf
12
13. UNDP. Global Commission on HIV and The Law, 2012.
13
14. Gillies P. Effectiveness of alliances and partnerships for health promotion. Health Promot Int1998; 13: 99–120. doi: 10.1093/heapro/13.2.99
14
15. UNDP. Strategy Note: HIV, Health and Development 2012-13, 2012.
15
16. NACO. NACP IV Strategic Planning Document. 2013. Available from: http://naco.gov.in/upload/Finance/AAP 202013-14/Rajasthan.pdf
16
17. United Nations. Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration: Report of the Secretary-General [internet]. 27 August 2004. Available from: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/sgreport2004.pdf?OpenElement
17
18. UNAIDS. Global Report; UNAIDS report on the Global AIDS epidemic [internet]. 2013. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets /documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf
18
19. UNAIDS & WHO. Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections [internet]. 2004. Available from: http://data.unaids.org/publications/fact-sheets01/india_en.pdf
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
From Knowing to Doing—From the Academy to Practice; Comment on “The Many Meanings of Evidence: Implications for the Translational Science Agenda in Healthcare”
In this commentary, the idea of closing the gap between knowing and doing through closing the gap between academics and practitioners is explored. The two communities approach to knowledge production and use, has predominated within healthcare, resulting in a separation between the worlds of research and practice, and, therefore, between its producers and users. Meaningful collaborations between the producers and users of research could in theory, create the conditions for more situated knowledge production and use, and result in a potential reduction in the evidence-practice divide within a health service context.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2799_0036c6b7216f64e31560bbf9319e06f1.pdf
2014-01-01
45
46
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.08
Knowledge Translation
Co-production
Implementation
Evidence-Based Healthcare
Jo
Rycroft-Malone
j.rycroft-malone1@lancaster.ac.uk
1
School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Harvey G. The many meanings of evidence: implications for the translational science agenda in healthcare. International Journal of Health Policy and Management 2013; 1: 1–2. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.34
1
2. Gabbay J, Le May A. Practice-Based Evidence for Healthcare: Clinical mindlines. Abingdon: Routledge; 2011.
2
3. Dopson S, Fitzgerald L.Knowledge to action? Evidence-based health care in context. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
3
4. Schon DA. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think In Action.New York: Basic Books; 1983.
4
5. Walshe K, Davies HT. Health research, development and innovation in England from 1988 to 2013: from research production to knowledge mobilisation. J Health Serv Res Policy 2013; 18: 1–12. doi: 10.1177/1355819613502011
5
6. Dopson S, Bennett C, Fitzgerald L, Ferlie E, Fischer M, Ledger J, et al. Health care managers access and use of management research. Final report [internet]. 2012. Available from: http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/projects/hsdr/081808242
6
7. Rycroft-Malone J, Wilkinson J, Burton C, Harvey G, McCormack B, Graham I, et al. Collaborative action around implementation in Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health & Care (CLAHRCs): towards a programme theory. J Health Serv Res Policy 2013; 18: 13–26. doi: 10.1177/1355819613498859
7
8. Currie G, Lockett A, Enany NE. From what we know to what we do: lessons learned from the translational CLAHRC initiative in England. J Health Serv Res Policy 2013; 18: 27–39. doi: 10.1177/1355819613500484
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Wellness Programs and Means of Getting Employees to Stay Healthy: A Response to Kristin Van Busum and Soeren Mattke
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2803_cc3db32973b00f1852e500e1175e8dc7.pdf
2014-01-01
47
48
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.09
Wellness Programs
Health and Wellness Promotion
Life-Style Management
Bahaudin
Mujtaba
mujtaba@nova.edu
1
The H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Frank J.
Cavico
cavico@nova.edu
2
The H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA
AUTHOR
Van Busum K, Mattke S. Financial incentives: only one piece of the workplace wellness puzzle; Comment on “Corporate wellness programs: implementation challenges in the modern American workplace”.Int J Health Policy Manag 2013; 1: 311–2. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.62
1
Mujtaba BG, Cavico FJ. Corporate wellness programs: implementation challenges in the modern American workplace. Int J Health Policy Manag 2013; 1: 193–9. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.36
2
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fairness and Respect in Obesity Prevention Policies: A Response to David Buchanan
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2808_5043823379d3468822b7a7078faa90dd.pdf
2014-01-01
49
50
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.10
Ethics
Food Policy
Obesity
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
Fairness
Justice
Katherine
King
katherinefking@gmail.com
1
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Anne
Barnhill
anne.barnhill@gmail.com
2
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
AUTHOR
Barnhill A, King KF. Ethical agreement and disagreement about obesity prevention policy in the United States. Int J Health Policy Manag 2013; 1: 117–20. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.21
1
Buchanan D. Ethical standards to guide the development of obesity policies and programs. Int J Health Policy Manag 2013; 1: 1–3. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.63
2
Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture 2011, Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value [internet]. 2012. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/menu/fmnv.htm
3
Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture 2011, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Eligibility [internet]. 2012. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/applicant_recipients/eligibility.htm
4
Barnhill A, King KF. Evaluating equity critiques in food policy: the case of sugar sweetened beverages. J Law Med Ethics 2013; 41: 301–9.
5
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fostering Directly Observed Treatment in Tuberculosis: A Program Manager’s Perspective
Global Tuberculosis (TB) report (2013) has revealed that an estimated 8.6 million people developed TB of which, India accounts for almost 26% of the cases. These estimates clearly suggest that the country’s efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goal 6 by 2015 have not delivered the desired output. In India, the TB prevention and control activities are supervised and implemented under the Revised National TB Control Program (RNTCP), which recognizes that implementation of a good quality Directly Observed Treatment with Short course chemotherapy (DOTS) is the first priority for TB control. Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) is the key element in DOTS strategy, in which a DOT provider insures and supports the patients in consuming their drugs throughout the course of treatment. In order to meet the country’s vision to achieve universal access of TB care, the RNTCP has launched a “treatment adherence scheme” (public-private partnership scheme). Further, an evidence-based integrated strategy should be formulated for addressing the identified barriers which advocates universal administration of DOT. To conclude, DOT in RNTCP insures long-term adherence to the treatment, with right drugs in right doses, at right intervals and thus plays an indispensable role in improving the outcome indicators of the program and the quality of life in patients.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2797_9b9b8d4a74fc6a57d04d5a3016126723.pdf
2014-01-01
51
52
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.11
Tuberculosis
Directly Observed Treatment (DOT)
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP)
India
Saurabh
Shrivastava
drshrishri2008@gmail.com
1
Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Prateek
Shrivastava
prateekbobhate@gmail.com
2
Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram, India
AUTHOR
Jegadeesh
Ramasamy
tbcaremumbai4@gmail.com
3
Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College & Research Institute, Kancheepuram, India
AUTHOR
World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Control Report 2013. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
1
TBC India. Managing the RNTCP in your area - A training course (Modules 1-4) [internet]. [cited 2013 Sep]. Available from: http://tbcindia.nic.in/documents.html
2
TBC India. Guidelines for PMDT in India, 2012 [internet]. [cited 2013 Sep]. Available from: http://tbcindia.nic.in/documents.html
3
Pasipanodya JG, Gumbo T. A meta-analysis of self-administered vs directly observed therapy effect on microbiologic failure, relapse, and acquired drug resistance in tuberculosis patients. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57: 21–31. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit167
4
Seaworth BJ, Armitige LY, Griffith DE. First do no harm--adverse events, drug intolerance, and hepatotoxicity: how can we not justify directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis? Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57: 1063–4. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit432
5
Chung WS, Li CR. Can DOTS improve quality of life among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17: 425–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0701
6
Mkopi A, Range N, Lwilla F, Egwaga S, Schulze A, Geubbels E, et al. Adherence to tuberculosis therapy among patients receiving home-based directly observed treatment: evidence from the United Republic of Tanzania. PLoS One 2012; 7: e51828. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051828
7
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3); 2005-06 [internet]. [cited 2013 Sep]. Available from: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/SR128/SR128.pdf
8
TBC India. Managing the RNTCP in your area - A training course (Modules 5-9) [internet]. [cited 2013 Sep]. Available from: http://tbcindia.nic.in/documents.html
9
TBC India. RNTCP Annual Report 2011 [internet]. [cited 2013 Dec]. Available from: http://tbcindia.nic.in/documents.html
10
Sharma SK, Mohan A, Chauhan LS, Narain JP, Kumar P, Behera D, et al. Contribution of medical colleges to tuberculosis control in India under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP): lessons learnt & challenges ahead. Indian J Med Res 2013; 137: 283–94.
11
Gassanov MA, Feldman LJ, Sebastian A, Kraguljac MJ, Rea E, Yaffe B. The use of videophone for directly observed therapy for the treatment of tuberculosis. Can J Public Health 2013; 104: e272.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Third Way for Health Policy?
Economics has hit the mainstream in the last decade with popular books like Freakonomics and The Undercover Economist reaching the masses. These authors have used their toolkits far beyond the narrow scope of money and finance and answered questions pertaining to anything from social policy to demographics to crime. Their appeal has largely been their ability to explain that small underlying forces can have major impacts, intended or otherwise, on many different areas of society. One recent book following this trend is Nudge, published in 2008 by University of Chicago academics Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein. The book has attracted acclaim from both journals and the press, with The Financial Times naming it as one of the best business books for 2008. Nudge coins the term ‘choice architecture’, referring to the manner in which a range of alternatives is presented, which the authors contend is commonly overlooked as an integral part of many decisions we all face during the course of our day-to-day lives (1). When people take the time to judiciously research all alternatives before them, or use their reflective systems in the parlance of the book, they generally make objectively good decisions. Unfortunately, in practice people cannot or do not take the time to do so and instead use their automatic or gut thinking systems, leading to inferior outcomes. The first section of the book then compellingly demonstrates the evidence of its importance in a multitude of situations. There are many lessons to be learned along the way, applicable to both policy-makers and those who wish to critically examine some of their own choices in life. Among these, lessons is the fact that a large percentage of the population will stick with an easy default option without consideration of better alternatives, even when considering a life-altering decision such as retirement planning. There are even examples of people who fail to take advantage of subsidies to supplement their retirement income by simply not filling out the necessary application form. A further counter-intuitive warning for policy-makers is that in some cases, giving people too many choices can lead to worse outcomes as a result of being overwhelmed, or unable to accurately assess them all. Given the evidence, policy-makers should take heed that acknowledging choice architecture can prove as essential to a policy’s success as the choices themselves.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2806_1a48b5034475a55aec31e593eb758bf0.pdf
2014-01-01
53
54
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.12
Nudge
Choice Architecture
Decision Making
Paternalistic Liberalism
Alexander D.
Peden
umpedena@cc.umanitoba.ca
1
Department of Community Health Sciences (CHS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Thaler R, Sunstein C. Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2008.
1
2. Duflo E, Kremer M, Robinson J. Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya. Am Econ Rev 2011; 101: 2350–90. doi: 10.1257/aer.101.6.2350
2